Two Fundamental Duties of Indian Citizens

1. Duty to Abide by the Constitution

• Citizens must respect and follow the laws and principles laid out in the Indian Constitution, ensuring unity and justice.

2. Duty to Promote Harmony

• Citizens should work towards maintaining harmony, avoid violence, and contribute to the national unity, regardless of differences.

For example, respecting the national symbols or participating in national events like Independence Day helps strengthen unity.

Two Provisions for Consumer Protection

1. Right to Safety

• Consumers are protected against hazardous goods and services that could harm health, such as unsafe food or medicines.

2. Right to Information

• Consumers have the right to access accurate information about products, like ingredients or side effects, ensuring informed choices.

For example, food packaging must clearly state nutritional details, and safety warnings must be displayed on electronic gadgets.

What is ‘Public Interest Litigation’?

Definition

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) allows individuals or groups to file cases in court on behalf of the public.

Key Features:

• Purpose: PIL is used to address issues that affect the general public, such as environmental protection or human rights.
• Example: A citizen can file a PIL if factories are polluting rivers, even if they are not directly affected.

It helps to protect public welfare when the government or authorities fail to act.

Two Main Features of the Information Technology Act, 2000

1. Legal Recognition of Electronic Records

• The Act gives legal validity to electronic records and digital signatures, making online transactions and documents valid in court.

2. Cybercrimes and Offenses

• It defines and penalizes various cybercrimes, like hacking and identity theft, protecting users and businesses from online threats.

For example, the Act makes it a punishable offense if someone hacks your email or creates fake identities online.

Ministry Responsible for the Right to Information Act, 2005

Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT)

The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions oversees the implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

• Key Department: The Department of Personnel and Training (DoPT) is responsible for managing RTI-related matters.
• Responsibilities: This includes providing information about appeals, fees, and other procedural details.

For example, if you want to file an appeal or need assistance with the RTI process, the DoPT handles these requests.