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South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction The South China Sea has emerged as a critical geopolitical hotspot, attracting attention due to its strategic location and the complex web of territorial claims. This region contains over 200 islands, reefs, and atolls claimed by several nations, including China, Taiwan, ViRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The South China Sea has emerged as a critical geopolitical hotspot, attracting attention due to its strategic location and the complex web of territorial claims. This region contains over 200 islands, reefs, and atolls claimed by several nations, including China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei. The disputes over territory, freedom of navigation, and natural resources have heightened tensions among regional and global powers.
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Significance of the South China Sea
Conclusion
The geopolitical significance of the South China Sea stems from its strategic trade routes, abundant natural resources, and the ongoing territorial disputes among nations. To foster peace and stability in the region, a diplomatic approach emphasizing cooperation and conflict resolution is essential.
See lessWhat is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Regionalism is the expression of a shared identity and purpose among people in a specific geographical area, often tied together by unique languages and cultures. While it can foster pride and cultural flourishing, unchecked regionalism may lead to conflict, as differing reRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Regionalism is the expression of a shared identity and purpose among people in a specific geographical area, often tied together by unique languages and cultures. While it can foster pride and cultural flourishing, unchecked regionalism may lead to conflict, as differing regional interests become seen as incompatible.
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Basis of Regionalism
Unequal Distribution of Development
More critically, uneven development across regions is a primary driver of regionalism:
Conclusion
In a diverse country like India, regionalism is likely to thrive if regional needs remain unaddressed. By adopting regionally balanced policies and focusing on development gaps, the diversity of India can become an asset for national integration rather than a source of division.
See lessWhy are the tribals in India referred to as the Scheduled Tribes? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India are groups recognized in the Constitution that receive special protections and provisions for their upliftment. The term "Scheduled Tribes" was first introduced in the Government of India Act, 1935, and is defined in Article 342 of the ConstiRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Scheduled Tribes (STs) in India are groups recognized in the Constitution that receive special protections and provisions for their upliftment. The term “Scheduled Tribes” was first introduced in the Government of India Act, 1935, and is defined in Article 342 of the Constitution. This article empowers the President to specify tribes deemed as Scheduled Tribes for each state or Union Territory through public notification. These tribes are characterized by distinct cultures, geographical isolation, and socio-economic backwardness.
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Major Provisions for Upliftment
Conclusion
The Constitution of India enshrines several provisions aimed at the protection and development of Scheduled Tribes. Despite the challenges faced by these communities, the government’s initiatives reflect a commitment to inclusive development, promoting the vision of “Sabka Sath and Sabka Vikas” (Together with all and Development for all). These provisions are crucial for empowering Scheduled Tribes and ensuring their rightful place in society.
See lessTo what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Globalization refers to the growing interdependence and integration of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide, driven by cross-border trade, investment, and the movement of people. India, with its rich cultural diversity, is significantly influenced by globalization,Read more
Model Answer
Introduction
Globalization refers to the growing interdependence and integration of economies, societies, and cultures worldwide, driven by cross-border trade, investment, and the movement of people. India, with its rich cultural diversity, is significantly influenced by globalization, affecting core elements such as family, language, cuisine, caste, and religion.
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Globalization has impacted India’s cultural diversity in both positive and negative ways:
Negative Effects
Positive Effects
Conclusion
Globalization profoundly influences the core of Indian culture, shaking traditional foundations while simultaneously prompting a revival of indigenous practices. As India navigates its multicultural identity within a globalized context, it must strive to preserve its linguistic, religious, and cultural diversity while embracing the benefits of globalization. This dual approach will help maintain India’s rich heritage in an interconnected world.
See less"An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation." Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Poverty is defined as a sustained deprivation of resources, capabilities, and choices essential for maintaining an adequate standard of living. It transcends mere low income, encompassing a lack of opportunities and resources. Body Despite India’s progress in reducing absolRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Poverty is defined as a sustained deprivation of resources, capabilities, and choices essential for maintaining an adequate standard of living. It transcends mere low income, encompassing a lack of opportunities and resources.
Body
Despite India’s progress in reducing absolute poverty, a significant portion of its population remains ensnared in a vicious cycle of deprivation. While providing basic necessities might offer temporary relief, it is not a sustainable solution. To effectively combat poverty, it is crucial to build capabilities that empower individuals to support themselves, thereby liberating them from the cycle of deprivation.
Example: Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
The MGNREGA exemplifies this approach. Instead of solely providing food and basic necessities, which are limited by state resources, the government introduced this act to guarantee 100 days of wage employment per year for adult members of rural households. This initiative not only provides immediate income but also enables individuals to work productively, helping them fulfill their basic needs sustainably. Research indicates that MGNREGA has significantly improved rural livelihoods and reduced poverty levels (Source: “MGNREGA: A Success Story” by the Ministry of Rural Development).
Other Initiatives
Other initiatives further illustrate this principle:
Conclusion
With a vast population and limited resources, India can only leverage its demographic dividend by investing in capabilities that liberate the poor from deprivation. By focusing on empowerment rather than mere aid, India can make significant strides toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 1, which aims to end poverty in all forms. Such measures are essential for sustainable poverty alleviation and the overall development of the nation.
See lessKrishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Sri Krishnadeva Raya ruled the Kingdom of Vijayanagar from 1509 to 1529 and is celebrated as one of the greatest statesmen in Indian history. His reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing in South India, earning him various titles, including “Kannadaraya”Read more
Model Answer
Introduction
Sri Krishnadeva Raya ruled the Kingdom of Vijayanagar from 1509 to 1529 and is celebrated as one of the greatest statesmen in Indian history. His reign marked a period of prosperity and cultural flourishing in South India, earning him various titles, including “Kannadaraya” and “Kannada Rajya Ramaramana.”
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Eminent Scholar
Krishnadeva Raya was not only a ruler but also an accomplished scholar. He authored several literary works, including:
His literary contributions reflect his proficiency in multiple languages, which allowed him to engage with poets and scholars from Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada traditions. His Telugu poem Amuktamalkyada, narrating the tale of Goda Devi and her foster father Vishnuchitta, earned him the title Andhrabhoja.
Patron of Learning and Literature
Krishnadeva Raya established a vibrant literary culture at his court, famously known as the Ashtadiggajas, or the Eight Great Scholars. Notable figures included:
He also commissioned the completion of the Kannada Mahabharatha, originally started by Kumara Vyasa, by poet Thimmanna.
Krishnadeva Raya’s patronage extended to various poets and authors, including:
Additionally, he nurtured the Carnatic musical tradition, supporting musicians like VyasaRaya, a key figure in the Haridasa movement, and encouraged classical dance forms such as Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi.
Conclusion
Travelers like Domingo Paes and Duarte Barbosa noted in their accounts that Krishnadeva Raya was not only an excellent administrator but also a dedicated scholar and a great patron of art and literature, solidifying his legacy as a key figure in the cultural history of India.
See lessBy incorporating a form of Western secularism, India created a situation that gradually undermined the process of secularization. Critically analyze. (250 words)
Model Answer Introduction India's adoption of a form of Western secularism has been argued to undermine the process of secularization. While secularism emphasizes the separation of state affairs from religion, secularization signifies a societal shift from religious values to secular foundations. InRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India’s adoption of a form of Western secularism has been argued to undermine the process of secularization. While secularism emphasizes the separation of state affairs from religion, secularization signifies a societal shift from religious values to secular foundations.
Inadequate Separation of State and Religion
India’s secular framework does not establish a strict wall between the state and religion. Instead, it has allowed for a nuanced engagement where the state intervenes in religious matters. For example, the Hindu Code Bills were enacted to reform Hindu personal laws, but the push for a Uniform Civil Code remains unfulfilled. This selective engagement reflects a lack of principled equidistance.
Polarization and Sectarian Politics
Post-independence India has witnessed significant polarization of thought based on religious identities. Religion has influenced electoral politics, making it a critical factor in determining political outcomes. Despite being labeled a corrupt practice under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, communal politics has become normalized, with politicians frequently exploiting religious sentiments for electoral gains.
Communal Violence
Despite constitutional guarantees of secularism, communal violence persists in India, reflecting a failure to fully integrate secular ideals into societal practices. Events like the 1984 anti-Sikh riots and the 2002 Gujarat riots highlight this ongoing challenge.
Counterarguments
However, attributing the weakening of secularization solely to the type of secularism adopted by India may oversimplify the issue. The relationship between secularism and secularization is often viewed through a European lens, which may not be applicable to India’s unique social fabric. Moreover, secularization involves a complex transformation of belief systems rather than a mere separation of religion and state.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while India’s version of secularism has contributed to certain challenges in the secularization process, a broader understanding of the relationship between the two concepts is essential. The historical and social context of India necessitates a nuanced analysis that goes beyond simplistic attributions to the type of secularism adopted.
See lessIndia's secular approach has been one of 'principled distance' rather than 'equi-distance'. Comment. (Answer in 150 words)
Model Answer Introduction India's secularism is characterized by a "principled distance" from religions rather than an "equi-distance." This distinction highlights how the Indian State engages with various religions based on social needs and historical contexts. Principled Distance in Practice IndiaRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India’s secularism is characterized by a “principled distance” from religions rather than an “equi-distance.” This distinction highlights how the Indian State engages with various religions based on social needs and historical contexts.
Principled Distance in Practice
Indian secularism does not advocate for a complete separation of religion from the State. Instead, it embodies the philosophy of “Sarva Dharma Samabhava,” which means equal respect for all religions. The State maintains a principled distance, meaning that while it is institutionally separate from religion, it often intervenes in religious matters to uphold social justice and equality.
State Interference for Social Equality
For instance, to combat caste-based discrimination, the Indian State intervened in Hindu practices by abolishing untouchability under Article 17 of the Constitution. This demonstrates that the State may prioritize certain religions when promoting universal values like social equality.
Financial Support and Subsidies
Moreover, the State subsidizes religious pilgrimages differently. For example, financial assistance is provided to Sikhs traveling to Nankana Sahib, Hindus visiting Amarnath Cave, and Muslims going to Mecca for Hajj (before 2018). This selective financial support underscores that not all religions receive equal treatment, reflecting a principled rather than equi-distance approach.
Legal Reforms
The reform of Hindu personal laws, such as the prohibition of polygamy, further illustrates this point. While polygamy was deemed non-essential to Hinduism and abolished, it remains permissible in Muslim personal law. Such discrepancies reveal the State’s nuanced engagement with different religions based on a context-sensitive approach.
Conclusion
In conclusion, India’s secularism operates on a model of principled distance, allowing the State to engage selectively and constructively with different religions. This approach aims to foster social harmony and address historical injustices, demonstrating that secularism in India is neither rigid nor uniform but rather adaptive to the needs of its diverse populace.
See lessRegionalism in India is a complex phenomenon that encompasses geo-cultural, politico-economic, and primarily, psychological dimensions. Discuss. (250 words)
Model Answer Introduction Regionalism in India is a multifaceted phenomenon that intertwines geo-cultural, politico-economic, and psychological dimensions. It stems from the country's rich diversity and the unique identities that emerge from this plurality. Geo-Cultural Dimensions India's diverse laRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Regionalism in India is a multifaceted phenomenon that intertwines geo-cultural, politico-economic, and psychological dimensions. It stems from the country’s rich diversity and the unique identities that emerge from this plurality.
Geo-Cultural Dimensions
India’s diverse landscape fosters regional identities linked to geographical boundaries. For instance, disputes such as the Cauvery River conflict between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka highlight how geographical factors can intensify regional sentiments. Additionally, cultural identities shaped by language significantly influence regionalism. The creation of states like Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh was largely driven by linguistic demands.
Politico-Economic Aspects
Political factors also play a crucial role in regionalism. Regional parties, such as DMK in Tamil Nadu and Shiv Sena in Maharashtra, capitalize on regional sentiments to bolster their support. Economically, regions often compete for resources, leading to demands for autonomy, as seen in the formation of Telangana and Jharkhand due to perceived unequal resource distribution.
Psychological Dimensions
The psychological aspect of regionalism is characterized by a strong sense of loyalty to one’s region, often manifesting as an “us versus them” mentality. This creates a demand for rights and resources specific to local populations, exemplified by Shiv Sena’s advocacy for Maharashtrians.
Conclusion
In essence, regionalism in India is a complex interplay of cultural, political, economic, and psychological factors. Understanding these dimensions is essential for addressing the challenges and opportunities that regional identities present in the context of a unified nation. The interplay of these elements underscores the need for a nuanced approach to nation-building in a diverse country like India.
See lessExamine the factors that fueled communal consciousness during the Indian freedom struggle and highlight its consequences. (150 words)
Model Answer Introduction Communalism, defined as an intense attachment to one’s own community that can lead to hostility towards others, emerged alongside nationalism in the late 19th century, threatening the unity of the Indian populace during the freedom struggle. Factors Contributing to CommunalRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Communalism, defined as an intense attachment to one’s own community that can lead to hostility towards others, emerged alongside nationalism in the late 19th century, threatening the unity of the Indian populace during the freedom struggle.
Factors Contributing to Communal Consciousness
1. Socio-Economic Reasons
The interests and aspirations of the middle classes were inadequately met, leading to communal competition for jobs and resources. The late emergence of political consciousness among Muslims, combined with the influence of traditional elements, skewed this competition towards communal lines (Rudolph & Rudolph, 1983).
2. British Policy of Divide and Rule
The British government, after the 1857 revolt, viewed Muslims with suspicion, leading to discriminatory practices. However, this changed with policies like the Communal Award, which granted concessions and reservations, further deepening communal divisions (Khan, 2005).
3. Revivalist Tendencies
Nationalist leaders infused religious elements into their movements, often emphasizing Hindu culture while sidelining Muslim contributions. Leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak promoted Hindu festivals as symbols of nationalism, which alienated Muslim communities (Chatterjee, 1986).
4. Communal View of History
Distorted historical narratives contributed to communal consciousness. Historians like James Mill categorized Indian history as Hindu or Muslim, fostering a divisive understanding of India’s past (Kumar, 2007).
Consequences of Communal Consciousness
1. Deterrent to Nationalism
The growing divide between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress led to disagreements on key issues like the Cripps Mission and Cabinet Mission, undermining the national unity necessary for independence (Singh, 2010).
2. Threats to Internal Security
The 1920s saw an erosion of trust between Hindu and Muslim communities, resulting in frequent riots, particularly in Bengal and Punjab (Mohan, 2018).
3. Partition of the Country
The culmination of communal tensions resulted in the partition of India in 1947, marked by widespread violence and displacement (Menon, 2005).
4. Communalisation of Politics
The Communal Award encouraged political representation based on communal identities, fostering a culture of communal politics that prioritized sectarian interests over national unity (Desai, 1994).
Conclusion
The communal consciousness that developed during the freedom struggle has left a lasting impact on Indian society. Addressing this requires a concerted effort to promote inclusivity and mutual respect among communities.
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