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Give out the major sources of terror funding in India and the efforts being made to curtail these sources. In the light of this, also discuss the aim and objective of the ‘No Money for Terror (NMFT)’ Conference recently held at New Delhi in November 2022. (250 words) [UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Terror funding in India poses a significant threat to national security, involving both domestic and foreign sources that support terrorist activities through various channels such as hawala, NGOs, and counterfeit currency. Recent actions by the Enforcement Directorate (ED)Read more
Model Answer
Introduction
Terror funding in India poses a significant threat to national security, involving both domestic and foreign sources that support terrorist activities through various channels such as hawala, NGOs, and counterfeit currency. Recent actions by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) have highlighted the severity of this issue, with arrests made in Kerala for hawala dealings worth ₹300 crore linked to terror financing. The National Investigation Agency (NIA) has registered 105 cases related to terror funding, resulting in 796 arrests and 100 convictions [1].
Major Sources of Terror Funding in India
Efforts to Curtail These Sources
India has implemented several measures to combat terror financing:
No Money for Terror (NMFT) Conference
The ‘No Money for Terror (NMFT)’ Conference, hosted by India in November 2022, aimed to foster global collaboration against terror financing. Key objectives included:
Conclusion
Combating terror financing is a global imperative. Initiatives like the NMFT Conference represent significant steps toward pooling resources and knowledge to disrupt the financial lifelines of terrorist organizations, ultimately enhancing national and international security.
See lessThe use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) by our adversaries across the borders to ferry arms/ammunitions, drugs, etc., is a serious threat to the internal security. Comment on the measures being taken to tackle this threat. (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Annswer Introduction The recent attack on the Indian Air Force (IAF) base in Jammu using improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has raised significant concerns about the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for illicit activities across borders. UAVs, or drones, are increasingly being utilizedRead more
Model Annswer
Introduction
The recent attack on the Indian Air Force (IAF) base in Jammu using improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has raised significant concerns about the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for illicit activities across borders. UAVs, or drones, are increasingly being utilized to smuggle arms, ammunition, and drugs, posing a serious threat to India’s internal security and challenging national security frameworks.
Threats Posed by UAVs
Measures Taken to Tackle This Threat
Conclusion
The illicit use of UAVs by adversaries presents a complex threat to India’s internal security. A multi-faceted approach, combining technology, intelligence, legal frameworks, and community engagement, is essential. By implementing these measures, India can effectively address the challenges posed by UAVs while promoting their responsible use.
See lessWinning of ‘Hearts and Minds’ in terrorism-affected areas is an essential step in restoring the trust of the population. Discuss the measures adopted by the Government in this respect as part of the conflict resolution in Jammu and Kashmir. (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Jammu and Kashmir, a region beset with conflict for several decades, has witnessed a series of strategies implemented to restore peace and harmony. One pivotal strategy in this regard is winning the ‘hearts and minds’ of the people in terrorism-affected areas. This strategyRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Jammu and Kashmir, a region beset with conflict for several decades, has witnessed a series of strategies implemented to restore peace and harmony. One pivotal strategy in this regard is winning the ‘hearts and minds’ of the people in terrorism-affected areas. This strategy aims at restoring trust and building a foundation for peaceful coexistence through a community-centric approach.
Measures Adopted by the Government in this Respect
Conclusion
The ‘hearts and minds’ strategy remains central to envisioning a peaceful future in Jammu and Kashmir. It embarks on a collaborative approach, involving local communities actively in rebuilding the region towards harmony and progressive development. The way forward is nurturing this strategy with continual efforts, fostering trust, and engendering a harmonious community for a peaceful tomorrow.
See lessThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (250 words) [UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global sea level rise of approximately one metre by the year 2100, primarily due to climate change and its associated effects. This rise poses significant threats to coastal regions, particularly in IndiaRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has projected a global sea level rise of approximately one metre by the year 2100, primarily due to climate change and its associated effects. This rise poses significant threats to coastal regions, particularly in India and other countries in the Indian Ocean region.
Reasons Behind the Predicted Sea Level Rise
Impact on India
Impact on Other Countries in the Indian Ocean Region
Conclusion
The IPCC’s prediction of a one-metre sea level rise by 2100 presents severe challenges for India and the Indian Ocean region. However, it also offers an opportunity for collaboration and innovation to mitigate these impacts through adaptive strategies and international cooperation.
See lessComment on the National Wetland Conservation Programme initiated by the Government of India and name a few India’s wetlands of international importance included in the Ramsar Sites. (250 words) [UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP), initiated by the Government of India, aims to conserve and manage the country’s wetlands—essential ecosystems that provide critical ecological services. This program has been instrumental in protecting various wetlands, soRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The National Wetland Conservation Programme (NWCP), initiated by the Government of India, aims to conserve and manage the country’s wetlands—essential ecosystems that provide critical ecological services. This program has been instrumental in protecting various wetlands, some of which are recognized as Ramsar Sites of international importance.
Key Features of the National Wetland Conservation Programme
Identification and Classification
The NWCP systematically surveys wetlands across India to identify and classify them. For example, Chilika Lake in Odisha has been designated as a Ramsar site due to its ecological significance.
Financial Assistance
The program is funded jointly by the central and state governments, enabling various conservation activities. Projects such as the rejuvenation of Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir have received financial backing, showcasing effective collaboration.
Capacity Building
Training programs and workshops are conducted to equip stakeholders with sustainable practices. Fishermen around Pulicat Lake, for instance, have been trained in sustainable fishing techniques.
Research and Development
Grants for research on wetland ecology foster greater understanding. Research in Keoladeo National Park has significantly enhanced knowledge in avian science.
Awareness Programs
Public awareness campaigns, like “Wetlands for All,” play a critical role in educating communities. World Wetlands Day activities, especially in the Sundarbans, promote ecological awareness.
Biodiversity Conservation
Efforts to protect diverse life forms in wetlands have been established, as seen in the Asan Conservation Reserve, where initiatives to protect local bird species are underway.
India’s Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar Sites)
Conclusion
The National Wetland Conservation Programme is vital for preserving India’s wetlands, ensuring they continue to provide ecological and social benefits. By implementing effective conservation strategies and recognizing the importance of Ramsar Sites, India can safeguard its rich ecological heritage.
See lessDiscuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel shortage. (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae, are vital components of Earth’s ecosystems, contributing significantly to various biochemical processes. In light of the current fuel shortages, these tiny organisms offer innovative and sustainable solutions to meet eneRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae, are vital components of Earth’s ecosystems, contributing significantly to various biochemical processes. In light of the current fuel shortages, these tiny organisms offer innovative and sustainable solutions to meet energy demands.
Role of Microorganisms in Alleviating Fuel Shortages
Bioethanol Production
Microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae are critical in bioethanol production. Brazil has successfully utilized this technology to convert sugarcane into ethanol, which serves as a primary automotive fuel.
Biomethanation
In Germany, biomethanation plants employ microorganisms to transform organic waste, like food scraps, into methane. This biogas serves as a renewable energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Algal Biofuels
Companies such as Algenol and Sapphire Energy in the USA are pioneering biofuels derived from algae. These biofuels represent a sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.
Bio-Hydrogen Production
Bacteria like Enterobacter aerogenes are utilized in biohydrogen production. South Korea is at the forefront of incorporating biohydrogen into its renewable energy strategy.
Microbial Fuel Cells
Microbial fuel cells harness the power of Geobacter sulfurreducens to oxidize organic compounds, generating electricity. Pilot projects in the USA demonstrate this technology’s potential for wastewater treatment and power generation.
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Microbes can enhance oil recovery from reservoirs by breaking down complex hydrocarbons, making extraction more efficient.
Carbon Capture and Storage
Microorganisms can capture and convert CO2 from industrial processes into stable minerals, aiding in greenhouse gas reduction.
Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs)
MECs in wastewater treatment facilities utilize microorganisms to generate hydrogen fuel from organic matter, promoting sustainable energy production.
Conclusion
Microorganisms present numerous avenues to address the current fuel shortages through sustainable practices. By leveraging biofuels, biogas, and innovative microbial technologies, we can enhance energy security while promoting environmental sustainability. Investing in research, development, and education in microbial technologies will position nations to effectively meet future energy demands.
See lessWhat is the main task of India’s third moon mission which could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the ‘Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (250 words) [UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Chandrayaan-3, launched by ISRO in 2023, represents India's third lunar mission. Unlike its predecessors, this mission includes a lander and a rover but no orbiter. The primary objective is to achieve a soft landing on the Moon's surface, a goal not accomplished in earlierRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Chandrayaan-3, launched by ISRO in 2023, represents India’s third lunar mission. Unlike its predecessors, this mission includes a lander and a rover but no orbiter. The primary objective is to achieve a soft landing on the Moon’s surface, a goal not accomplished in earlier missions.
Main Task of Chandrayaan-3
Soft Landing
The mission’s core task is to execute a successful soft landing on the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-1 was solely an orbiter, while Chandrayaan-2 attempted a soft landing but failed due to a last-minute glitch. The successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 enables extensive lunar research and sample collection.
Lunar Research and Material Extraction
The successful landing allows scientists to analyze the Moon’s surface in detail, addressing limitations from previous missions. For instance, while Chandrayaan-1 identified water molecules, it couldn’t analyze samples. Chandrayaan-3 aims to collect lunar soil samples, a task that Chandrayaan-2 was unable to carry out due to its failed landing attempt.
Countries that Have Achieved Soft Landing
Subsystems in Chandrayaan-3
Vikram Lander
The Vikram lander is equipped with several advanced subsystems, including:
These systems work together to ensure a controlled descent and landing.
Pragyan Rover
The Pragyan rover is designed for surface exploration, conducting experiments and relaying data back to Earth.
Communication and Data Collection
The Deep Space Network ensures communication between the spacecraft and ground control, critical for mission success.
Role of the Virtual Launch Control Centre (VLCC)
The VLCC at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre employs advanced technology to support the mission’s launch:
Conclusion
The success of Chandrayaan-3 marks a significant milestone for India in space exploration, paving the way for future missions and enhancing India’s status in the global space community.
See lessIntroduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does Al help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of Al in healthcare? (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulates human intelligence in machines, enabling tasks such as problem-solving, speech recognition, and decision-making. In healthcare, AI is revolutionizing how clinical diagnoses are made, offering innovative solutions to enhance patient carRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) simulates human intelligence in machines, enabling tasks such as problem-solving, speech recognition, and decision-making. In healthcare, AI is revolutionizing how clinical diagnoses are made, offering innovative solutions to enhance patient care.
How AI Helps in Clinical Diagnosis
Threats to Privacy in AI Healthcare Use
Conclusion
AI promises significant advancements in healthcare, but it also presents challenges, particularly around data privacy. Striking a balance between utilizing AI’s potential and safeguarding patient privacy is crucial. A collaborative, regulated approach will be essential for ethical AI implementation in healthcare.
See lessFaster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard. (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction The manufacturing sector is vital for India’s economic landscape, contributing approximately 17% to the GDP in 2022. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) account for about 40% of manufacturing output, playing a significant role in job creation, exports, and overallRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The manufacturing sector is vital for India’s economic landscape, contributing approximately 17% to the GDP in 2022. Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) account for about 40% of manufacturing output, playing a significant role in job creation, exports, and overall economic growth. Recognizing this importance, the Indian government has implemented various policies aimed at bolstering this sector.
Importance of Increasing Manufacturing Sector Share
Government Policies Supporting the Manufacturing Sector
Conclusion
The current policies reflect a robust framework aimed at enhancing the manufacturing sector’s contribution to India’s GDP. By creating a supportive environment through effective implementation of these initiatives, the government can significantly accelerate the growth of MSMEs and manufacturing, ultimately driving economic development.
See lessState the objectives and measures of land reforms in India. Discuss how land ceiling policy on landholding can be considered as an effective reform under economic criteria. (150 words)[UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Land reforms have been crucial in India's agrarian history, aimed at promoting social justice and economic development. Implemented post-independence, these reforms sought to rectify socio-economic disparities caused by historical land ownership patterns. Objectives of LandRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Land reforms have been crucial in India’s agrarian history, aimed at promoting social justice and economic development. Implemented post-independence, these reforms sought to rectify socio-economic disparities caused by historical land ownership patterns.
Objectives of Land Reforms in India
Measures of Land Reforms
Land Ceiling as an Effective Economic Reform
In conclusion, land reforms, particularly the land ceiling policy, have transformed India’s agrarian landscape, addressing historical injustices while promoting a more inclusive agricultural economy.
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