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Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction A cloudburst is an extreme weather phenomenon characterized by a sudden and intense downpour over a localized area, often lasting from a few minutes to a couple of hours. This event is typically accompanied by thunder and lightning and can lead to severe flooding and landslRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
A cloudburst is an extreme weather phenomenon characterized by a sudden and intense downpour over a localized area, often lasting from a few minutes to a couple of hours. This event is typically accompanied by thunder and lightning and can lead to severe flooding and landslides.
Mechanism of Cloudbursts
Cloudbursts in the Indian subcontinent are predominantly caused by convective clouds, particularly cumulonimbus clouds. These clouds form when warm, moist air rises rapidly, causing the condensation of water vapor. Factors such as solar heating, moisture availability, and atmospheric instability fuel this convective process.
When these clouds reach a critical point, they can release substantial amounts of precipitation in a short time. The updrafts and downdrafts within the cloud promote the formation of large raindrops, which fall rapidly due to gravity, resulting in a cloudburst.
Occurrence of Cloudbursts
Cloudbursts are more prevalent in the hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent due to complex topography. These areas often experience orographic lifting, where moist air is forced to ascend over mountains, enhancing cloud development. During the summer monsoon, moist winds from the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal interact with local weather systems, triggering intense convective activity that leads to cloudbursts.
Recent Examples of Cloudbursts
A. Uttarakhand Cloudburst (July 2021)
In July 2021, Uttarakhand experienced devastating cloudbursts in districts like Chamoli and Uttarkashi. The intense rainfall resulted in flash floods and landslides, causing extensive damage to infrastructure and loss of lives. Rivers and streams overflowed, leading to rapid water surges downstream.
B. Himachal Pradesh Cloudburst (August 2020)
In August 2020, parts of Himachal Pradesh, including Kullu and Lahaul-Spiti, faced cloudbursts that triggered landslides and flash floods. This event severely impacted transportation and communication networks, particularly in remote regions like Lahaul-Spiti.
Conclusion
Cloudbursts pose significant hazards in the Indian subcontinent, especially in mountainous areas. Understanding their mechanisms and occurrences is vital for effective disaster preparedness and management. Recent incidents in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh underscore the urgent need for early warning systems and resilient infrastructure to mitigate the impacts of such extreme weather events.
See lessLaunched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (250 words) [UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction Launched on December 25, 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents a groundbreaking advancement in astronomical observation, far surpassing its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope. With its innovative design, JWST promises to unlock the secrets of the univeRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Launched on December 25, 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) represents a groundbreaking advancement in astronomical observation, far surpassing its predecessor, the Hubble Space Telescope. With its innovative design, JWST promises to unlock the secrets of the universe and enhance our understanding of cosmic phenomena.
Unique Features of JWST
A. Extended Lifespan
Unlike Hubble, which required regular servicing missions, JWST is designed to operate for at least 10 years without maintenance, thanks to advanced technology and efficient resource management.
B. Enhanced Resolution
JWST features a larger mirror (6.5 meters in diameter compared to Hubble’s 2.4 meters) and state-of-the-art instruments, allowing it to achieve far superior resolution for observing distant celestial bodies.
C. Advanced Exoplanet Detection
JWST’s specialized instruments are tailored for sophisticated exoplanet detection, enabling the study of planets in habitable zones, a significant leap from Hubble’s capabilities.
D. Greater Observational Reach
JWST can peer further back in time than Hubble, capturing images of the universe’s first galaxies, thus probing the era of reionization.
E. Improved Solar System Observation
With its advanced instruments, JWST offers deeper insights into our solar system, analyzing celestial bodies across multiple spectra.
Key Goals of the Mission
Potential Benefits for Humanity
JWST will provide unprecedented insights into our cosmic origins, helping us understand the potential for life beyond Earth. It will also inspire future generations to explore the cosmos, acting as a catalyst for scientific curiosity and discovery.
Conclusion
In summary, the James Webb Space Telescope is not just an advanced observational tool; it serves as a cosmic time machine and a source of inspiration for humanity’s quest for knowledge. Its findings will revolutionize our understanding of the universe and our place within it.
See lessThe increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction India has witnessed a significant rise in life expectancy, improving from 50 years in the 1970s to approximately 70 years since 2015. This advancement is attributed to better medical care, improved social conditions, and enhanced healthcare access. However, this increase haRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India has witnessed a significant rise in life expectancy, improving from 50 years in the 1970s to approximately 70 years since 2015. This advancement is attributed to better medical care, improved social conditions, and enhanced healthcare access. However, this increase has also brought new health challenges to the forefront.
Emerging Health Challenges
A. Lifestyle Diseases
As life expectancy increases, non-communicable diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and stroke have become more prevalent. These conditions significantly impact the quality of life for older adults and place an added burden on the healthcare system.
B. Geriatric Care Deficiency
India lacks specialized geriatric care, which is essential for addressing the unique medical needs of the elderly. The absence of long-term care, rehabilitation, and palliative services hampers effective healthcare delivery.
C. Mental Health Issues
The aging population is increasingly facing mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Social isolation among the elderly exacerbates these issues, making mental health support crucial.
D. Rising Healthcare Costs
Healthcare expenses for older adults have risen sharply, with costs increasing by 3.8 times compared to non-elderly households. Many elderly individuals lack health insurance, amplifying their financial burden.
E. Strain on Public Health Resources
The growing elderly population places additional stress on an already overstretched public healthcare system, complicating resource distribution and management.
Steps to Address These Challenges
A. Enhanced Healthcare Access
Initiatives like Ayushman Bharat should be expanded to improve healthcare access, focusing on non-communicable diseases and preventive care.
B. Financial Support
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) funds should be directed toward elderly care, supplemented by comprehensive insurance schemes to provide free medical services.
C. Improved Facilities
Creating environments that support aging in place can help maintain the physical and mental well-being of older adults while keeping them engaged in their communities.
D. Proactive Care Approach
Shifting from reactive to proactive healthcare can alleviate concerns for families by ensuring regular check-ups and holistic care for the elderly.
Conclusion
Investing in community engagement for the elderly not only enhances their health and well-being but also benefits society as a whole. There is an urgent need for increased awareness of the challenges faced by older adults and the development of targeted interventions to address these issues effectively.
See lessWhy is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (150 words)[UPSC 2022]Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are formal agreements between public and private entities to collaboratively manage risks and benefits in infrastructure provision. In 2020-2021, India appraised 125 PPP projects with a total investment of INR 1.72 lakh crore, highlightingRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are formal agreements between public and private entities to collaboratively manage risks and benefits in infrastructure provision. In 2020-2021, India appraised 125 PPP projects with a total investment of INR 1.72 lakh crore, highlighting their significance.
Need for PPP in Infrastructure Projects
A. Access to Private Sector Finance
PPPs enable governments to tap into private capital for financing complex infrastructure projects, ensuring that private entities receive returns through government guarantees.
B. Cost-Effectiveness
Private companies are incentivized to innovate and implement cost-effective solutions, leading to improved quality and efficiency in infrastructure development.
C. Timely Completion
Public projects often face delays due to inefficiencies. The involvement of the private sector ensures that projects are completed within stipulated timelines.
D. Government Control
While PPPs leverage private expertise, ownership remains with the public sector, addressing concerns regarding privatization.
Role of PPP in Redevelopment of Railway Stations in India
The Indian government has adopted the PPP model for railway station redevelopment, exemplified by the Rani Kamlapati Station in Bhopal.
A. Addressing Funding Shortages
Developing railway infrastructure is capital-intensive, and PPPs provide access to private funds and advanced technology to overcome financial constraints.
B. Improving Operating Efficiency
With an operating ratio of approximately 98, Indian Railways can benefit from private investment aimed at enhancing operational efficiency through modern technology and management practices.
C. Increased Revenue Sources
Shared use of rail tracks in PPP projects generates additional revenue streams for states while reducing costs for private investors.
D. Enhanced Services
PPP projects can improve passenger amenities such as Wi-Fi, clean restrooms, and lounges, benefiting users and generating revenue for private partners.
E. Fostering Competition
The entry of private players introduces competition, leading to improved services and modernization of railway infrastructure, previously dominated by a monopoly.
Conclusion
Despite challenges like land acquisition delays and regulatory hurdles, PPPs offer crucial solutions for financing, designing, and maintaining complex infrastructure projects, including railway systems.
See lessElaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India. (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction The food processing industry in India is a vital sector encompassing activities such as processing, preservation, packaging, and distribution of food products. This industry significantly contributes to the Indian economy, accounting for nearly 6% of the GDP, 13% of exportsRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The food processing industry in India is a vital sector encompassing activities such as processing, preservation, packaging, and distribution of food products. This industry significantly contributes to the Indian economy, accounting for nearly 6% of the GDP, 13% of exports, and 6% of overall industrial investment (Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India).
Scope of the Food Processing Industry
Large Raw Material Base
India boasts a vast array of raw materials, being the largest producer of meat and the second largest producer of various fruits and vegetables. This surplus creates a strong foundation for the food processing industry (FAOSTAT, 2021).
Diverse Product Range
The diversity of India’s agricultural and horticultural crops, along with livestock and fishery products, offers a wide array of processing opportunities, supported by the country’s varied agro-climatic conditions (Indian Council of Agricultural Research).
Growing Market Size
With one of the largest consumer markets globally, the increasing middle-class population is projected to drive demand for processed food products, further expanding the industry (Nielsen, 2022).
Investment Opportunities
India’s food processing sector is one of the largest recipients of foreign direct investment (FDI), bolstered by government initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Kisan SAMPADA Yojana (PMKSY) and Production Linked Incentive Scheme (PLIS) for Food Processing (Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade).
Untapped Potential
Currently, only 2% of fruits and vegetables and about 10% of marine produce are processed. This highlights the vast potential for growth in the sector (Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority).
Significance of the Food Processing Industry
Benefits for Farmers
By providing alternative markets, the industry can enhance farmers’ income, leading to better utilization of agricultural produce through value addition (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development).
Employment Generation
The sector has the potential to create over 1 million jobs, addressing issues of disguised unemployment and seasonal work in agriculture (Food Processing Industry Policy, 2020).
Economic Contribution
The food processing industry contributes around 12% to India’s GDP and is expected to increase as the sector grows (Economic Survey of India, 2021).
Waste Reduction
Processing reduces agricultural waste by utilizing surplus produce, thereby increasing shelf life and mitigating inflation (Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics).
Nutritional Improvement
Processed foods can be fortified with essential vitamins and minerals, helping to bridge the nutritional gap, especially in rural areas (World Health Organization).
Export Potential
Enhanced processing capabilities can improve India’s export capacity, stabilizing domestic food prices and boosting international trade (Food and Agriculture Organization).
Conclusion
Despite the myriad benefits, the food processing sector faces challenges, with less than 10% of agricultural produce processed and over 75% of the industry being unorganized. Government initiatives are crucial for unlocking the sector’s full potential and addressing these challenges effectively.
See lessWhat are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial food security initiative in India, designed to provide essential food grains to low-income households at subsidized prices. Covering nearly 60% of the population, it is the largest food security scheme worldwide. However, seRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Public Distribution System (PDS) is a crucial food security initiative in India, designed to provide essential food grains to low-income households at subsidized prices. Covering nearly 60% of the population, it is the largest food security scheme worldwide. However, several challenges hinder its effectiveness.
Challenges in the PDS
1. Identification of Beneficiaries
The PDS suffers from significant inclusion and exclusion errors when identifying households below the poverty line (BPL) and above the poverty line (APL). The lack of reliable data on household income exacerbates this targeting issue.
2. Corruption and Leakages
Widespread corruption has been reported, with middlemen and corrupt officials diverting subsidized goods for sale in the open market. This leads to beneficiaries not receiving their entitled rations at affordable prices.
3. Rising Subsidy Costs
The cost of acquiring and distributing food grains is almost six times their retail price, raising concerns about the sustainability of the scheme. Increased procurement and associated expenses are expected to further expand food subsidies.
4. Storage Capacity Shortfalls
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) has not expanded its storage capacity in line with increasing grain procurement, leading to inefficiencies.
5. Inconsistent Quality
There are frequent complaints about the varying quality of rations, particularly wheat and rice, affecting beneficiaries’ satisfaction.
6. Lack of Nutritional Security
The PDS primarily focuses on staples like rice, wheat, and sugar, with limited variety, leading to nutritional inadequacies.
Making PDS Effective and Transparent
1. Implementing Universal PDS
Following Tamil Nadu’s model, a universal PDS can reduce inclusion and exclusion errors by providing subsidized food grains to all households.
2. Digitalization
States like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh have introduced IT measures, such as digitized ration cards and GPS tracking, to improve transparency and efficiency.
3. Direct Cash Transfers
Encouraging states to adopt Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) can help mitigate leakages and diversions in the system.
4. Expanding Storage Capacities
The Shanta Kumar Committee recommends private participation in storage to enhance the efficiency of the PDS.
5. Diversifying Products
Including local grains and fortified foods can improve nutritional security and reduce costs.
6. Implementing One Nation One Ration Card
This initiative would help migrants access PDS benefits, reducing exclusion errors.
Conclusion
While the PDS is vital for millions, substantial improvements are necessary for it to effectively combat hunger. By addressing the outlined challenges and implementing recommended reforms, the PDS can become a more efficient and transparent system, better serving the needs of India’s poor.
See lessWhat are the main bottlenecks in upstream and downstream process of marketing of agricultural products in India? (250 words) [UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction Agricultural marketing in India encompasses the movement of agricultural products from farms to consumers, playing a crucial role in the agricultural value chain. Effective marketing can streamline supply chains, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance farmers' incomes whilRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Agricultural marketing in India encompasses the movement of agricultural products from farms to consumers, playing a crucial role in the agricultural value chain. Effective marketing can streamline supply chains, reduce post-harvest losses, and enhance farmers’ incomes while keeping consumer prices affordable.
Upstream Challenges
APMC Obligations
Farmers often must sell their produce at Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMC) Mandis, even when better prices are available in private markets. This compulsory selling limits their earning potential.
Inadequate Market Information
Farmers and consumers frequently lack access to accurate market information. Middlemen often possess better knowledge of prices and stocks, exacerbating the situation. Many farmers are unaware of government initiatives like e-NAM (National Agriculture Market) and Negotiable Warehouse Receipts (NWRs), further hindering their market access.
Lack of Credit
A significant bottleneck is the limited access to formal credit. According to NABARD, only 60% of small and marginal farmers receive formal credit, forcing many to resort to distress sales to meet urgent cash needs.
Poor Standardization and Grading
The absence of proper standardization and grading leads to quality issues, making it difficult for consumers to purchase reliable products, which adversely affects farmers’ earnings due to price variability.
Downstream Challenges
Demand-Supply Mismatch
While the demand for agricultural products has increased with rising purchasing power, supply remains constrained due to a lack of diversification and high post-harvest losses, mainly from inadequate storage.
Storage and Transportation Issues
Many farmers lack access to adequate storage and transportation facilities, leading to high transportation costs and poor market connectivity. Existing storage facilities are often insufficient and underutilized, compelling farmers to sell perishables at distress prices.
Regulatory Constraints
Regulatory frameworks like the Essential Commodities Act, 1955, hinder private investment in warehouse construction, as it can be misinterpreted as hoarding.
Export Competition
Indian agricultural products face stiff competition from imports, such as dairy from New Zealand and Basmati rice from Pakistan. Non-tariff barriers and increasing protectionism have further impacted exports.
Conclusion
Despite government efforts to enhance agricultural marketing, significant challenges persist. Raising awareness among farmers and stakeholders, improving systems like e-NAM, and promoting direct selling initiatives are essential for advancing agricultural marketing in India.
See lessWhat is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (250 words) [UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an agricultural approach that combines various farming practices, such as crop production, animal husbandry, and forestry, to create a balanced and sustainable ecosystem. The primary goal of IFS is to optimize resource use, minimize externRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Integrated Farming System (IFS) is an agricultural approach that combines various farming practices, such as crop production, animal husbandry, and forestry, to create a balanced and sustainable ecosystem. The primary goal of IFS is to optimize resource use, minimize external inputs, and enhance overall productivity and profitability while providing year-round employment opportunities.
Benefits of Integrated Farming System for Small and Marginal Farmers in India
According to the Agricultural Census 2015, 86% of Indian farmers are classified as small and marginal farmers. IFS offers several advantages to these farmers:
Conclusion
While IFS offers numerous benefits, such as resource optimization and income diversification, challenges like lack of finance and resistance to new methods persist. To achieve the goal of doubling farmers’ income by 2022 and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices, India must adopt a well-designed Integrated Farming System.
See lessIs inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (150 words)[UPSC 2022]
Model Answer Introduction Inclusive growth, as defined by the OECD, refers to economic growth that is fairly distributed across society and creates opportunities for all. However, achieving inclusive growth within a market economy, which operates primarily on supply and demand principles without sigRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Inclusive growth, as defined by the OECD, refers to economic growth that is fairly distributed across society and creates opportunities for all. However, achieving inclusive growth within a market economy, which operates primarily on supply and demand principles without significant government intervention, presents several challenges.
Challenges to Inclusive Growth in a Market Economy
Significance of Financial Inclusion in India
Financial inclusion is vital for fostering inclusive growth in India. It plays several key roles:
Conclusion
In conclusion, while inclusive growth faces significant challenges in a market economy, financial inclusion is a critical component that can help bridge the gap and ensure that economic growth benefits all segments of society.
See lessWhat are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (250 words) [UPSC 2023]
Model Answer Introduction Internal security in India is crucial for maintaining peace and stability within its borders. As exemplified by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) registering over 72 cases in 2022, various challenges threaten this stability. These challenges necessitate robust responsRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Internal security in India is crucial for maintaining peace and stability within its borders. As exemplified by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) registering over 72 cases in 2022, various challenges threaten this stability. These challenges necessitate robust responses from intelligence and investigative agencies to safeguard national well-being.
Internal Security Challenges in India
Role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies
Conclusion
Addressing internal security in India requires a coordinated effort from various agencies. By leveraging the strengths of intelligence and investigative bodies, India can effectively tackle the multifaceted challenges it faces, ensuring a safer environment for its citizens.
See less