Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
Resorting to ordinances has always raised concerns about violation of the spirit of the separation of powers doctrine. While noting the rationales justifying the power to promulgate ordinances, analyze whether the decisions of the Supreme Court on the issue have further facilitated resorting to this power. Should the power to promulgate ordinances be repealed? (200 words) [UPSC 2015]
Model Answer Introduction The power to promulgate ordinances, granted to the President under Article 123 and to Governors under Article 213 of the Indian Constitution, allows for immediate legislative action in the absence of Parliament or state legislature sessions. However, this power raises conceRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The power to promulgate ordinances, granted to the President under Article 123 and to Governors under Article 213 of the Indian Constitution, allows for immediate legislative action in the absence of Parliament or state legislature sessions. However, this power raises concerns about violating the separation of powers doctrine, which delineates the functions of the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
Rationales Justifying the Power to Promulgate Ordinances
Supreme Court’s Decisions on the Issue
While the Supreme Court has upheld the power, its decisions reinforce the need for judicious exercise, acting as a check on arbitrary use rather than facilitating it.
Should the Power to Promulgate Ordinances be Repealed?
Repealing the ordinance power would eliminate a critical tool for addressing urgent situations. Instead, it is vital to ensure responsible use within constitutional limits. Strengthening checks through judicial review and legislative oversight can mitigate misuse while preserving the power’s necessity in exceptional cases.
Conclusion
The ordinance power must be exercised judiciously to uphold the spirit of separation of powers. Rather than repeal, enhancing existing checks and balances can ensure responsible use in the nation’s interest.
See lessThe concept of cooperative federalism has been increasingly emphasized in recent years. Highlight the drawbacks in the existing structure and the extent to which cooperative federalism would answer the shortcomings. (200 words) [UPSC 2015]
Model Answer Introduction Cooperative federalism in India emphasizes collaboration between the central and state governments to foster inclusive growth and address national challenges. However, the existing federal structure has several drawbacks that hinder its effectiveness. Drawbacks in the ExistRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Cooperative federalism in India emphasizes collaboration between the central and state governments to foster inclusive growth and address national challenges. However, the existing federal structure has several drawbacks that hinder its effectiveness.
Drawbacks in the Existing Structure
Extent to Which Cooperative Federalism Addresses These Shortcomings
Cooperative federalism has the potential to mitigate these issues through several mechanisms:
Conclusion
While cooperative federalism offers promising solutions to the structural drawbacks of India’s federal system, its success hinges on a commitment from both levels of government to collaborate effectively, setting aside political differences for national development.
See lessDiscuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizens a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (200 words) [UPSC 2015]
Model Answer Introduction A Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to establish a common legal framework for personal matters across all religions in India, as envisioned in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution. However, several factors inhibit its implementation. Religious Diversity and Personal Laws IndiaRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
A Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to establish a common legal framework for personal matters across all religions in India, as envisioned in Article 44 of the Indian Constitution. However, several factors inhibit its implementation.
Religious Diversity and Personal Laws
India’s rich tapestry of religions, each with its own personal laws, creates resistance to a UCC. Many citizens view adherence to their religious customs as a fundamental right, leading to perceptions that a UCC would violate these rights (Basu, 2016).
Political Considerations
Political parties often leverage religious sentiments to secure electoral support. This political maneuvering prevents the development of a consensus around the UCC, as parties fear alienating their vote banks by supporting a uniform code (Nair, 2018).
Constitutional Provisions
The conflict between Article 44, which advocates for a UCC, and Article 25, which guarantees the freedom of religion, complicates the issue. The potential for a UCC to be seen as infringing on religious freedoms creates a significant legal and ethical dilemma (Sharma, 2020).
Fear of Majoritarianism
Minority communities often perceive the UCC as a tool for imposing majority cultural norms. This fear fosters resistance and suspicion, making it challenging to build support for a uniform code that accommodates diverse practices (Khan, 2019).
Lack of Consensus
Achieving a consensus that respects the customs of various communities while ensuring gender justice is difficult. The complexity of balancing interests makes the enactment of a UCC a daunting task (Choudhry, 2021).
Judicial Approach
The judiciary’s cautious approach has led to incremental changes rather than a comprehensive UCC. Courts often modify personal laws piecemeal, reflecting a reluctance to advocate for a complete overhaul (Gupta, 2022).
Socio-Cultural Factors
Deeply rooted societal norms and cultural practices pose significant barriers to the acceptance of a UCC. Overcoming these entrenched beliefs requires considerable effort and persuasion (Mehta, 2017).
Conclusion
The enactment of a UCC in India faces substantial challenges stemming from religious diversity, political dynamics, constitutional conflicts, and socio-cultural norms. Balancing respect for cultural identities with the need for justice and equality remains critical.
See less"Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member-states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)." Explain with suitable examples. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primaRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), established in 1985, has faced significant limitations in its effectiveness due to persistent tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan. Over the past few years, SAARC has been largely inactive, primarily due to friction between the two countries. This article explores the consequences of this situation and the importance of engaging Pakistan to address the economic and security challenges faced by SAARC member nations.
Friction between India and Pakistan
The attack on an Indian Army camp in Uri by militants crossing the Line of Control in India-administered Kashmir heightened tensions between India and Pakistan. Following this incident, the Indian government condemned Pakistan and sought to isolate Islamabad on the international stage. India’s decision to withdraw from the 19th SAARC Summit in Islamabad in 2016 was a clear indication of its stance against Pakistan’s involvement in regional cooperation .
SAARC Minus Pakistan
India’s withdrawal from the SAARC summit aimed to convey a strong message in the aftermath of the Uri attack and to pursue an alternative approach called “SAARC minus Pakistan.” This approach suggests that addressing South Asian challenges without Pakistan’s involvement might be more feasible due to the civil-military dissonance in Pakistan’s policy towards India. Additionally, Pakistan’s obstruction of economic integration by blocking connectivity initiatives has impeded progress within SAARC .
Impediments to Economic Integration
Pakistan’s policies have stalled important agreements on trade liberalization, cross-border trade in energy, and road connectivity. These actions have not only hindered regional economic cooperation but also led to the formation of sub-regional frameworks such as the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) cooperation, which excludes Pakistan. India has increasingly turned towards alternative regional organizations like BIMSTEC, as evidenced during the BIMSTEC summit held alongside the BRICS Summit.
Security Challenges and Regional Cooperation
Pakistan’s role in using terrorism as a tool of state policy has posed significant security challenges in the region. Being strategically positioned between South Asia and Central Asia, Pakistan plays a crucial role in intra- and inter-regional trade and commerce. Effectively addressing security concerns and achieving regional cooperation within SAARC necessitates the involvement of Pakistan in the framework .
Conclusion
Tensions and disagreements between India and Pakistan have hampered SAARC’s effectiveness. However, it is crucial to engage Pakistan to overcome the economic and security challenges faced by South Asian nations. Pakistan’s central geographic location and its influence on trade and commerce make it essential to include the country within the SAARC framework for regional cooperation. By promoting dialogue and understanding between India and Pakistan, SAARC can regain its purpose and work towards fostering peace, stability, and prosperity in the region.
See lessWhat are the aims and objectives of the McBride Commission of the UNESCO? What is India’s position on these? (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction The McBride Commission, established by UNESCO in 1977, was tasked with exploring the relationship between mass media and development. It aimed to advocate for a new world information order that prioritized the needs of developing countries within the global media landscape.Read more
Model Answer
Introduction
The McBride Commission, established by UNESCO in 1977, was tasked with exploring the relationship between mass media and development. It aimed to advocate for a new world information order that prioritized the needs of developing countries within the global media landscape.
Aim and Objectives of the McBride Commission
India’s Position on the McBride Commission
India was a strong supporter of the McBride Commission and actively participated in its discussions. The country endorsed the Commission’s recommendations aimed at promoting cultural diversity and international cooperation through media channels.
India also championed the need for greater access to communication technologies and emphasized the role of communication in developmental initiatives. However, India expressed reservations regarding some recommendations related to media ownership and regulation, advocating that such decisions should rest with individual nations rather than being imposed externally.
Conclusion
The McBride Commission sought to address the media concentration and information disparities between developed and developing countries. While India supported its objectives, it raised concerns about excessive state control over media. India remains committed to promoting media freedom and fostering a more equitable global media landscape, striving for a balance between government regulation and market dynamics.
See less"The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries." Discuss in the Indian perspective. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer India's Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations The Doha Round of negotiations, initiated in 2001, aimed to enhance global trade liberalization, particularly benefiting developing nations. However, India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of new issues, such as labor and eRead more
Model Answer
India’s Perspective on the Doha Round Negotiations
The Doha Round of negotiations, initiated in 2001, aimed to enhance global trade liberalization, particularly benefiting developing nations. However, India has taken a firm stance against the inclusion of new issues, such as labor and environmental standards, within the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework. This position is rooted in several key concerns.
Significance of the Doha Round
India emphasizes that the Nairobi declaration did not reaffirm the Doha Round’s mandate, which is crucial for fostering global trade liberalization. The country insists on resolving outstanding issues from the Doha Round, such as the Special Safeguard Mechanism and public stockholding for food security, before engaging in discussions on non-trade matters.
Environmental and Labor Issues
India argues that environmental and labor issues should be addressed by specialized global bodies like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the International Labour Organization (ILO). Incorporating these issues into the WTO could lead to developed nations imposing their higher standards as non-tariff barriers, adversely affecting exports from developing countries.
Impact on Developing Nations
The inclusion of new issues in the WTO agenda poses significant challenges for developing nations. Wealthy countries could leverage these standards to impose restrictions, exacerbating economic disparities and hindering trade for poorer nations. India is particularly concerned that this could negatively impact its agricultural exports, which are vital for its economy.
Resolution of Outstanding Issues
India stresses the need to prioritize the resolution of existing issues before introducing new topics. This includes addressing the needs of poor farmers and ensuring food security through public stockholding measures.
Criteria for Introducing New Issues
India proposes that any new issues should meet two criteria: they must be relevant to trade, and there must be a consensus among all WTO members. This approach aims to ensure fair and inclusive decision-making within the WTO.
Conclusion
India’s efforts to prevent the introduction of new issues in the WTO reflect its commitment to safeguarding the interests of developing nations. By forming alliances with other developing countries and equipping trade law experts to represent their interests, India aims to promote fair and balanced trade policies that foster inclusive global economic growth.
See lessEvaluate the economic and strategic dimensions of India’s Look East Policy in the context of the post Cold War international scenario. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction India’s Look East Policy (LEP), initiated in 1991, aimed to bolster economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific. In the post-Cold War international scenario, this policy has been pivotal for India to leverage its geographical advantages and tRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India’s Look East Policy (LEP), initiated in 1991, aimed to bolster economic and strategic ties with Southeast Asia, East Asia, and the Pacific. In the post-Cold War international scenario, this policy has been pivotal for India to leverage its geographical advantages and tap into the dynamic economies of these regions.
Economic Dimension
1. Integration with ASEAN
The LEP led to India becoming a full dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1995, significantly enhancing economic cooperation.
2. Trade Growth
India-ASEAN trade skyrocketed from $2.9 billion in 1993 to $82.5 billion in 2020, showcasing the growing economic interdependence (Source: Ministry of Commerce, India).
3. Investment Inflows
Indian investment in ASEAN reached $41.9 billion in 2019, particularly in sectors like manufacturing, telecommunications, and energy (Source: ASEAN Investment Report 2020).
4. Economic Reforms
The liberalization policies introduced in the 1990s attracted foreign direct investment (FDI), enhancing India’s economic growth and competitiveness.
Strategic Dimension
1. Counterbalancing China
The LEP serves to counterbalance China’s expanding influence in Southeast Asia, promoting a multipolar regional order.
2. Maritime Cooperation
India has engaged in maritime security initiatives with ASEAN nations, emphasizing the importance of a rules-based order in the Indo-Pacific.
3. Regional Groupings
Joining the East Asia Summit (EAS) in 2005 allowed India to participate in crucial regional security discussions, enhancing its strategic footprint.
4. Strengthening Security Partnerships
India has reinforced security cooperation with ASEAN countries through joint military exercises and defense agreements, solidifying its status as a regional power.
5. Connectivity Initiatives
Key projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project aim to enhance connectivity and trade between India and Southeast Asia.
Conclusion
India’s Look East Policy has succeeded in both economic and strategic dimensions, deepening integration with the Asia-Pacific region and enhancing strategic engagement with global powers like the United States and Japan. In the post-Cold War context, the LEP has established India as a significant player, contributing to regional stability and prosperity.
See less"Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative." What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable ? (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction India boasts one of the world's largest and youngest populations, with approximately 65% of its populace in the working-age group of 15-64 years as of 2023. This demographic dividend offers potential economic advantages, but these benefits can only be realized if the populaRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
India boasts one of the world’s largest and youngest populations, with approximately 65% of its populace in the working-age group of 15-64 years as of 2023. This demographic dividend offers potential economic advantages, but these benefits can only be realized if the population is educated, skilled, and employable. Recognizing this, the Indian government has implemented various measures to enhance the capacity of its workforce.
Body
1. Skill Development Initiatives
The National Skill Development Mission, launched in 2015, aims to create a cohesive strategy for skill development across sectors. The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) is a flagship program under this mission, targeting the training of millions in industry-relevant skills to boost employability and entrepreneurship. As of 2021, over 10 million youth have been trained under PMKVY (Source: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship).
2. Education Reforms
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has been a significant reform, emphasizing foundational literacy, numeracy, and the integration of vocational education. The NEP seeks to improve access, equity, and quality in higher education, fostering a well-rounded and skilled workforce (Source: Ministry of Education).
3. Make in India Initiative
Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to transform India into a global manufacturing hub by encouraging investment and innovation. By creating employment opportunities, it enhances the employability of the population and promotes skill development (Source: Make in India official website).
4. Start-up India
Introduced in 2016, this initiative fosters innovation and entrepreneurship by simplifying regulations and providing financial support. It indirectly generates job opportunities and encourages skill development across various sectors (Source: Start-up India official website).
5. National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS)
Launched in 2016, NAPS promotes apprenticeship training to create industry-ready skilled workers. It incentivizes employers to engage apprentices, facilitating on-the-job training (Source: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship).
6. Digital India
This initiative aims to empower society digitally by promoting digital literacy and improving internet connectivity. By enhancing digital skills, the government prepares the workforce for participation in the digital economy (Source: Digital India initiative).
Conclusion
These measures reflect the government’s commitment to improving education, skill development, and employability in India. However, continuous efforts, effective implementation, and monitoring are crucial to ensuring that the demographic dividend translates into tangible economic benefits.
See lessProfessor Amartya Sen has advocated important reforms in the realms of primary education and primary health care. What are your suggestions to improve their status and performance? (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction Nobel laureate Professor Amartya Sen has consistently highlighted the vital role of primary education and primary health care in fostering human development and economic progress. To realize their full potential, it is essential to address the challenges facing these sectorRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
Nobel laureate Professor Amartya Sen has consistently highlighted the vital role of primary education and primary health care in fostering human development and economic progress. To realize their full potential, it is essential to address the challenges facing these sectors and implement effective reform strategies.
Body
1. Universal Access and Equity
Ensuring that all individuals have access to quality primary education and health care, regardless of socio-economic status or location, is paramount. This can be achieved by constructing schools and health centers in remote areas, providing scholarships to underprivileged children, and addressing gender disparities. For instance, the 2018 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) indicated that only 50% of rural women received adequate health care, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions (Source: NFHS-4).
2. Quality Improvement
Enhancing the quality of education and health services is critical. This can be done by adopting innovative teaching methods, improving curricula, and investing in teacher training. For health care, upgrading facilities and ensuring adequate medical supplies are necessary. Regular assessments of learning and health outcomes can identify areas for improvement. According to the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER, 2020), only 16.2% of Grade 3 children can read at a Grade 2 level (Source: ASER 2020).
3. Community Engagement
Involving communities in decision-making fosters accountability and tailors services to better meet local needs. Community health workers can play a crucial role in bridging gaps in service delivery.
4. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Leveraging private sector resources and expertise through PPPs can enhance service delivery while prioritizing public welfare. This approach has shown promise in various initiatives, such as the Swachh Bharat Mission.
5. Technological Integration
Incorporating digital tools in education and telemedicine in health care can streamline service delivery. For example, the use of electronic health records has improved patient management in many hospitals.
6. Health Promotion and Preventive Care
Focusing on preventive measures, such as vaccinations and health education, can reduce the burden on hospitals and lead to better health outcomes.
7. Adequate Funding
Increasing budgetary allocations for education and health care is essential. Exploring alternative funding sources, such as international aid and grants, can supplement national budgets.
8. Monitoring and Evaluation
Establishing robust monitoring systems helps identify challenges, measure intervention impacts, and inform evidence-based policymaking.
Conclusion
By adopting these strategies, the status and performance of primary education and health care can be significantly improved, leading to enhanced human development and social progress across India.
See lessExamine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. (200 words) [UPSC 2016]
Model Answer Introduction The National Child Policy (NCP), introduced in India in 2013, aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the protection, development, and well-being of children. It addresses various aspects, including health, nutrition, education, protection, and participation, with theRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The National Child Policy (NCP), introduced in India in 2013, aims to provide a comprehensive framework for the protection, development, and well-being of children. It addresses various aspects, including health, nutrition, education, protection, and participation, with the goal of ensuring a safe and nurturing environment for all children.
Body
Main Provisions
The NCP emphasizes early childhood care, immunization, and the prevention of malnutrition through programs like the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). It aims to improve health outcomes for children, particularly in vulnerable populations.
The policy advocates for inclusive education, addressing the needs of children with disabilities and those from marginalized communities. It underscores the importance of quality education and equitable access.
Strengthening legal and institutional frameworks is crucial for child protection. The NCP supports the Juvenile Justice system and the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, alongside establishing Child Welfare Committees to safeguard children’s rights.
The policy encourages children’s involvement in decision-making processes, promoting their voices in family, community, and governance matters through platforms like Bal Sansad (Children’s Parliament).
Status of Implementation
Conclusion
While there have been notable advances in implementing the National Child Policy, significant challenges remain, particularly in malnutrition, educational outcomes, child protection, and participation. Continuous efforts, effective monitoring, and adequate resource allocation are essential for the successful realization of the policy’s goals and the well-being of children in India.
See less