Model Answer

Introduction

India’s Public Procurement and Project Management (PPPM) framework is critical for the efficient execution of government projects. However, the current system faces several challenges that necessitate a comprehensive overhaul.

1. Lack of Comprehensive Legislation

Despite the significant involvement of public funds, India lacks a comprehensive law that promotes a competitive, transparent, and efficient PPPM framework. This absence hinders accountability and oversight, leading to inefficiencies in managing public resources.

2. Growing Share of Public Procurement

India’s public procurement market is estimated to be between 20 and 22 percent of the GDP, roughly $500 billion annually. Given this scale, the need for a robust procurement framework becomes even more pressing to enhance competitiveness and transparency in public spending.

3. Complex Regulatory Framework

The three-tier governance structure, comprising various ministries, statutory bodies, and public sector undertakings (PSUs), creates a convoluted regulatory environment. This complexity often leads to inefficiencies in public procurement processes, as different entities operate under varying objectives and rules.

4. Inefficiency of the L1 Method

The Least Cost Selection (L1) method, which chooses the lowest bidder, can result in suboptimal delivery for high-impact and technologically complex projects. Studies, such as the Quality Council of India report on highway development, indicate that this approach often neglects quality and performance, leading to delays and increased lifecycle costs.

Proposed Measures for Improvement

1. Legislative Backing: Providing legal support to the General Financial Rules to ensure a transparent and accountable procurement process.
2. Enhancing Transparency: Implementing debriefing procedures for unsuccessful bidders to promote the ‘Right to Know.’
3. Simplifying Procedures: Streamlining processes and enforcing stricter blacklisting rules for corrupt firms.
4. Promoting E-Procurement: Utilizing platforms like the Central Public Procurement Portal and the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) to enhance efficiency.
5. Capacity Building: Conducting periodic training for procurement officials to ensure they are well-versed in best practices.

Revamping the PPPM framework will facilitate faster, more efficient, and transparent execution of government projects, ultimately improving governance and public service delivery.

Model Answer

Introduction

The fisheries dispute between India and Sri Lanka has persisted for decades, straining diplomatic relations and impacting the livelihoods of fishermen from both nations. This issue is particularly significant due to the geographical proximity of the two countries and the shared resources in the Palk Bay.

Key Issues in the Dispute

One of the primary challenges is the recurrent arrests of Indian fishermen who inadvertently stray into Sri Lankan waters, often due to engine failures or sudden weather changes. These arrests lead to the confiscation and destruction of fishing vessels, resulting in heightened tensions.

Additionally, Indian fishermen claim historical rights to fish beyond the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL), leading to disputes over fishing rights in the Palk Bay. The IMBL, established under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), is meant to regulate maritime activities, but its interpretation remains contentious.

Overfishing on the Indian side has exacerbated the issue, forcing fishermen into Sri Lankan waters, which Sri Lanka considers illegal poaching. Furthermore, the practice of bottom-trawling by Indian fishermen poses serious ecological threats to marine habitats, drawing strong opposition from Sri Lanka.

Sri Lanka also expresses national security concerns, fearing that the intrusion of Indian trawlers could facilitate the re-emergence of Tamil militant groups. The ownership of Katchatheevu Island further complicates the situation; while recognized as part of Sri Lanka in a 1974 agreement, access rights for Indian fishermen remain unclear.

Impact of the Dispute

The socio-economic impact on fishing communities is profound, as arrests and conflicts disrupt livelihoods and create distress among families. The rising costs of enforcing the IMBL patrols place a significant strain on resources for both nations. Moreover, distinguishing between genuine fishers and smugglers complicates enforcement and increases the vulnerability of marine resources.

International Legal Framework

The UN Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) and UNCLOS provide a legal basis for managing fisheries and resolving disputes. These treaties advocate for sustainable fishing practices and cooperation among states sharing marine resources.

Suggested Solutions

To address these issues, establishing a regional fisheries management authority is essential to regulate fishing activities and prevent over-exploitation. The India-Sri Lanka Joint Working Group (JWG) on Fisheries should be revitalized to seek a permanent resolution for fishermen’s issues.

Promoting deep-sea fishing and alternative livelihoods can help reduce pressure on coastal resources. The Indian government should expedite efforts to transition Tamil Nadu fishermen towards deep-sea fishing through initiatives like the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY).

Strict enforcement of sustainable fishing regulations, along with clear guidelines for joint fishing activities, is crucial. Both countries should enhance regional cooperation through technology sharing and scientific research. Finally, a humanitarian framework for the treatment of detained fishermen must be established to ensure timely repatriation and legal support.

Conclusion

Resolving the India-Sri Lanka fisheries dispute is not merely an economic or environmental necessity; it is a diplomatic imperative that can enhance regional stability. By leveraging shared interests and cooperating on sustainable fishing practices, both nations can strengthen their bilateral ties and contribute to peace and security in the Indo-Pacific region.

Model Answer

1. Own Revenue

Local self-governments can generate their own revenue through taxes and non-tax sources. State legislatures empower them to levy and collect various taxes, duties, tolls, and fees, which should ideally form a significant portion of their income.

2. Grants from the Union Government

The Union government allocates grants to local self-governments based on recommendations from the Finance Commission, established under Article 280 of the Constitution. This funding is crucial for sustaining local governance.

3. Loans and Grant-in-Aid from State Governments

State governments provide loans and grants from the Consolidated Fund to support essential services such as water supply, sanitation, and waste management.

4. Devolved Funds for State-Sponsored Schemes

Local bodies also receive financial support for decentralized planning and state-sponsored schemes, based on recommendations from the State Finance Commission (SFC).

Measures to Strengthen Financial Position

Despite these provisions, local self-governments face significant financial challenges. To enhance their financial status, the following measures are recommended:

1. Broadening Tax Jurisdiction

The Standing Committee on Rural Development suggests expanding the tax jurisdiction to include new areas, enabling PRIs and ULBs to diversify their revenue sources.

2. Improved Monitoring of Fund Distribution

The central government should enhance oversight of Finance Commission grants to ensure timely release and proper utilization of funds, as delays hinder effective governance.

3. Capacity Building

Investing in training existing staff and hiring new personnel will improve operational efficiency and resource management within local bodies.

4. Constitutional Amendments

Amending Article 280 to include local bodies in the divisible pool of resources would integrate them into the broader fiscal framework, enhancing their financial independence.

Model Answer

India is currently at the forefront of a technological revolution characterized by rapid advancements in digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence (AI), and indigenous innovation. This transformation is not only pivotal for economic growth but also crucial for improving governance and social welfare. However, several challenges impede inclusive and sustainable technological progress.

Regulatory Uncertainty remains a significant barrier. Frequent policy shifts and complex compliance requirements create an unpredictable environment for startups and investors. For instance, the abrupt changes in electric vehicle policies have led to confusion and slowed down innovation.

The digital divide poses another critical challenge. Despite significant advancements, rural areas still experience low internet penetration, limiting access to essential services. It is estimated that around 665 million Indians lack internet connectivity, exacerbating economic disparities and hindering digital financial inclusion.

Moreover, India faces a shortage of skilled talent and insufficient investment in research and development (R&D). With only 0.65% of GDP allocated to R&D, the country ranks low globally in AI research contributions. This lack of skilled workers in emerging tech fields like AI, cybersecurity, and semiconductor design stifles potential growth.

Cybersecurity threats also loom large, with India witnessing over 79 million cyberattacks in 2023 alone. Vulnerabilities in data protection increase risks for businesses and citizens alike, making robust cybersecurity measures imperative.

Lastly, India’s heavy dependence on foreign technology undermines its tech self-reliance. A significant portion of the digital economy relies on imported semiconductors and cloud services, making local production and innovation essential for long-term stability.

To overcome these challenges, India must adopt a multi-faceted approach. Policy reforms are crucial; establishing a stable regulatory framework will encourage investment and innovation. Expanding the Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) beyond finance to sectors like health and education can enhance access and usability.

Investments in R&D should be increased to foster a culture of innovation and to develop a skilled workforce. Implementing large-scale skill development programs will equip the youth with necessary competencies in emerging technologies.

Additionally, strengthening cybersecurity frameworks through education and dedicated funding for indigenous cybersecurity startups will mitigate risks. Promoting indigenous manufacturing of semiconductors will also reduce reliance on foreign imports and enhance self-sufficiency.

Way Forward

In conclusion, addressing these challenges is vital for India to harness its technological potential effectively. A cohesive strategy that focuses on regulatory stability, infrastructure expansion, talent development, and cybersecurity will not only ensure sustainable growth but also promote inclusive development for all citizens.