The Parliament of India ensures the accountability of the executive branch (which includes the President, the Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head, and various ministries) through several mechanisms:

1. Question Hour:  Members of Parliament (MPs) can ask questions of ministers, who are obliged to answer. This allows MPs to seek information about the functioning of the government, policies, and decisions.

2. Parliamentary Committees: These committees are constituted by Parliament to examine specific matters in detail, including the functioning of ministries and departments. They can summon ministers and officials for questioning and provide recommendations.

3. Debates and Discussions: Parliamentary sessions include debates on bills, policies, and other matters. Ministers are expected to participate in these debates, defend their policies, and respond to criticisms.

4. Budget Sessions: The annual budget is presented in Parliament by the Finance Minister. This provides an opportunity for MPs to scrutinize government expenditures and revenue plans.

5. No-confidence Motions: MPs can bring a no-confidence motion against the government. If passed, it indicates that the majority of Parliament no longer has confidence in the government, potentially leading to its resignation.

6. Legislative Oversight: Parliament enacts laws and oversees their implementation. It can amend existing laws or repeal them, holding the executive accountable for enforcing legislation.

7. Public Accounts Committee (PAC): This committee examines the audit reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India. It scrutinizes government expenditures and reports findings to Parliament.

8. CAG Reports: The reports of the CAG, an independent body, are examined by Parliament. These reports highlight irregularities, inefficiencies, or potential financial misconduct within the government, ensuring transparency and accountability.

9. Judicial Review: While not directly under Parliament’s purview, the judiciary can review the actions of the executive to ensure they comply with constitutional provisions and laws passed by Parliament.

These mechanisms collectively ensure that the executive branch remains accountable to Parliament, which represents the interests of the people and exercises oversight over the government’s actions and policies.

Rural public infrastructure plays a crucial role in the development of Indian agriculture for several reasons:

1. Transportation: Good roads and transportation networks are essential for farmers to transport their produce to markets efficiently. Poor infrastructure can lead to high transportation costs, spoilage of perishable goods, and limited market access.

2. Irrigation: Access to reliable irrigation infrastructure such as canals, dams, and wells is critical, especially in regions with erratic rainfall patterns. Proper irrigation infrastructure ensures consistent water supply for crops, leading to increased agricultural productivity and stability.

3. Storage and Warehousing: Infrastructure for storage and warehousing facilities helps farmers store their produce safely, preventing spoilage and allowing them to sell their crops when market conditions are favorable. Lack of such infrastructure can result in post-harvest losses.

4. Power Supply: Adequate and reliable electricity supply is crucial for running agricultural machinery, such as pumps, tractors, and threshers. It also supports food processing industries in rural areas.

5. Market Access: Rural infrastructure facilitates connectivity to markets, enabling farmers to access information on prices, demand, and new technologies. This connectivity helps them make informed decisions about crop choices and sales.

6. Social Infrastructure: Basic amenities like schools, healthcare facilities, and sanitation are essential for the well-being of rural communities. Improved social infrastructure contributes to better living conditions and encourages people to remain in rural areas, reducing migration pressures.

 Access to communication infrastructure (such as mobile networks and internet connectivity) in rural areas allows farmers to access information related to weather forecasts, market prices, agricultural techniques, and government schemes. This facilitates the adoption of modern agricultural practices and technologies.

In summary, rural public infrastructure is fundamental to the development of Indian agriculture as it supports farmers in improving productivity, reducing costs, accessing markets, and enhancing overall living standards in rural areas. Investment in such infrastructure is critical for sustainable agricultural growth and rural development.

Rural public infrastructure plays a crucial role in the development of Indian agriculture for several reasons:

1. Transportation: Good roads and transportation networks are essential for farmers to transport their produce to markets efficiently. Poor infrastructure can lead to high transportation costs, spoilage of perishable goods, and limited market access.

2. Irrigation: Access to reliable irrigation infrastructure such as canals, dams, and wells is critical, especially in regions with erratic rainfall patterns. Proper irrigation infrastructure ensures consistent water supply for crops, leading to increased agricultural productivity and stability.

3. Storage and Warehousing: Infrastructure for storage and warehousing facilities helps farmers store their produce safely, preventing spoilage and allowing them to sell their crops when market conditions are favorable. Lack of such infrastructure can result in post-harvest losses.

4. Power Supply: Adequate and reliable electricity supply is crucial for running agricultural machinery, such as pumps, tractors, and threshers. It also supports food processing industries in rural areas.

5. Market Access: Rural infrastructure facilitates connectivity to markets, enabling farmers to access information on prices, demand, and new technologies. This connectivity helps them make informed decisions about crop choices and sales.

6. Social Infrastructure: Basic amenities like schools, healthcare facilities, and sanitation are essential for the well-being of rural communities. Improved social infrastructure contributes to better living conditions and encourages people to remain in rural areas, reducing migration pressures.

7. Technology Adoption: Access to communication infrastructure (such as mobile networks and internet connectivity) in rural areas allows farmers to access information related to weather forecasts, market prices, agricultural techniques, and government schemes. This facilitates the adoption of modern agricultural practices and technologies.

In summary, rural public infrastructure is fundamental to the development of Indian agriculture as it supports farmers in improving productivity, reducing costs, accessing markets, and enhancing overall living standards in rural areas. Investment in such infrastructure is critical for sustainable agricultural growth and rural development.

1. The significance of Kalinga in the Mauryan dynasty, particularly under the rule of Emperor Ashoka, is profound and transformative.
2. Ashoka, early in his reign, embarked on a army campaign to overcome Kalinga round 261 BCE. The conquest of Kalinga was tremendous because it marked the volume of Mauryan territorial enlargement underneath Ashoka.
3. The Kalinga battle had a profound impact on Emperor Ashoka individually. consistent with historic debts, witnessing the devastation and human suffering resulting from the struggle deeply affected Ashoka.
4. Following the Kalinga warfare, Ashoka underwent a ethical and non secular transformation. He renounced battle and embraced Buddhism.