Digital computers work with information in its discrete state, thus are accurate and reliable. Among its main aspects are the ability to highly process, to have storage, to be programmable and to perform complex calculations. They can handle large volumes of data, can run many tasks at once, are general purpose and versatile — they are useful for everything from simple tasks to complex computation for advanced science.

Molecular markers are specific sequences of DNA used to distinguish and monitor genetic traits or variations in organisms. They play vital roles in creating genetic maps, diagnosing diseases, and developing breeding strategies, allowing researchers to ensure that specific characteristics can be selected before the breeding process and genetic diversity analyzed. Their purpose is to improve agricultural yields, medical diagnoses, and conservation initiatives, as these genetic signatures offer unparalleled detail.

E-mail is decidedly not a real-time communication system. Emails offer asynchronous communication capabilities that is not available for instant messaging or phone calls where both parties have to be online at the same time. While this may make it a less viable option for urgent exchanges, the delay—from a few minutes to several hours—can lend itself to more in-depth, non-urgent communication.

C: Cabinet Committees: Cementing Collective Responsibility And Consistency In The Indian Executive

The principle of collective responsibility is a given in the Indian Parliamentary system and it mandates that all members of the Cabinet are collectively accountable to the Electorate for the decisions the government takes. Cabinet Committees are relevant in this context, as they help to cement this principle and ensure consistency across the Executive.

Cabinet Committees are specialized groups that derive from the broader Cabinet. They are charged with examining specific issues in detail and making recommendations to the full Cabinet. This enables decision-making to take place in a more concentrated manner where complex issues are properly scrutinized by pillars in the relevant fields from the get-go before submission to the relevant quarters.

This process allows different aspects of the plan to be discussed and vetted in the hands of specific experts, guaranteeing that every decision made is informed and aligns with the larger picture of the government’s policies. This avoids fragmented or conflicting decisions and keeps the homogeneity. The Committee on Economic Affairs, for example, would cover economic policies and the Committee on Security would address national security issues. After that, the recommendations are presented to the full Cabinet, with all Ministers updated and approving decisions.

Furthermore, Cabinet Committees promote collective responsibility by mandating multiple ministers to take part in the decision-making. So you have a committee that makes a recommendation, so this reflects the consensus of its members. That consensus is then taken to the full Cabinet for more eyeballs and approval. This mechanism guarantees that no individual Minister can decide on their own, and it promotes the collective responsibility of the Cabinet.

To sum up, Cabinet Committees function as critical instruments which enable the Indian Executive to adhere to the principles of collective responsibility and consistency. This makes sure that the decisions are informed, consistent and supported by full cabinet of government which enhance the government’s effectiveness and accountability.