Role of Comptroller and Auditor General of India

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India plays a vital role in ensuring transparency and accountability in government finances.

• Audit Functions: The CAG audits all expenditures of the central and state governments, ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and as intended.
• Report Submission: The CAG submits reports to the President of India and Parliament, highlighting discrepancies and areas of improvement.
• Public Accountability: By making financial reports public, the CAG helps citizens understand how their tax money is spent, promoting responsible governance.

What is the Global Positioning System (GPS)?

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their exact location (latitude and longitude) anywhere on Earth. Initially developed for military purposes, it is now widely used for various civilian applications.

How Does GPS Work?

1. Satellites in Orbit

• GPS consists of at least 24 satellites orbiting the Earth, approximately 12,500 miles above the surface. These satellites continuously transmit signals to the ground.

2. Receiving Signals

• A GPS receiver (like those in smartphones or car navigation systems) picks up signals from at least four satellites. Each satellite provides information about its location and the time the signal was sent.

3. Triangulation

• The GPS receiver calculates its position by determining how long it took for the signals to arrive. By measuring the time delay, it can triangulate its exact location.
• For instance, if it takes a signal 5 milliseconds to reach the receiver, the device calculates that it is a certain distance from that satellite.

Applications of GPS

• Navigation: Used in cars, boats, and planes for directions.
• Mapping: Helps in creating accurate maps for urban planning.
• Tracking: Used in logistics to track shipments and deliveries.

In summary, GPS is a vital technology that enables precise location tracking and navigation, impacting various sectors significantly.

Water Pollution Control Measures

Water pollution poses a significant threat to human health and the environment. Implementing effective control measures is essential to safeguard our water resources.

1. Regulatory Framework

• Legislation: Governments can enact laws and regulations to limit the discharge of pollutants into water bodies. For example, the Clean Water Act in the United States sets standards for water quality.
• Permitting Systems: Industries must obtain permits that specify allowable limits for discharges, ensuring compliance with environmental standards.

2. Wastewater Treatment

• Treatment Plants: Establishing wastewater treatment facilities is crucial for removing harmful substances before water is released back into the environment. This can include physical, chemical, and biological processes to treat sewage and industrial waste.
• Recycling Water: Implementing systems to recycle and reuse wastewater for irrigation and industrial processes can reduce the demand for fresh water.

3. Public Awareness and Education

• Community Programs: Educating the public about the sources and effects of water pollution can encourage individuals to adopt better practices, such as reducing plastic use and properly disposing of chemicals.
• Involvement in Clean-Up: Engaging communities in local clean-up efforts helps raise awareness and promotes a sense of responsibility for protecting water resources.

4. Sustainable Practices

• Promoting Green Infrastructure: Using natural systems like wetlands to filter and absorb pollutants can enhance water quality while preserving ecosystems.
• Monitoring and Research: Ongoing monitoring of water quality and researching new pollution control technologies help to improve existing measures.

By combining these strategies, we can effectively reduce water pollution and protect our valuable water resources.

Main Types of Wind Systems

Wind systems are classified based on their scale and behavior. The main types include:

1. Local Winds

• Description: These winds are short-lived and occur in a specific area.
• Examples:
  • Sea Breezes: Develop during the day when land heats up faster than water, causing cooler air from the sea to move inland.
  • Land Breezes: Occur at night when the land cools down quickly, leading to air movement from land to sea.

2. Global Winds

• Description: These are large-scale winds that affect the entire planet.
• Examples:
  • Trade Winds: Blow from the subtropical high-pressure areas towards the equator. They help in sailing and influence ocean currents.
  • Westerlies: Flow from the west in the mid-latitudes, impacting weather patterns and climate.

3. Monsoons

• Description: Seasonal winds that bring heavy rainfall.
• Example: The Indian monsoon is a result of differential heating between land and ocean, leading to significant rainfall during summer.

Causes of Origin

• Temperature Differences: Variations in temperature between land and sea or between different latitudes create pressure differences, leading to wind formation.
• Earth’s Rotation: The Coriolis effect causes winds to curve, influencing their direction and intensity.

These wind systems play a crucial role in weather patterns and climate.

What is Ecological Footprint?

The ecological footprint measures how much nature we use to support our lifestyle.

Key Points

• Resources Used: It includes land for food, water for drinking, and space for homes.
• Example: If a person consumes more than the Earth can replenish, they have a larger footprint.

Understanding this helps us live sustainably!