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Discuss the importance of international cooperation in disaster risk reduction. Additionally, outline the initiatives taken by India to enhance regional cooperation for disaster mitigation. (200 words)
International Cooperation in Disaster Risk Reduction International cooperation is crucial for effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) amid increasing global disasters & intensifying effects of climate change. Importance of International Cooperation International cooperation is vital for reducingRead more
International Cooperation in Disaster Risk Reduction
International cooperation is crucial for effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) amid increasing global disasters & intensifying effects of climate change.
Importance of International Cooperation
International cooperation is vital for reducing risk by addressing the inadequate global coverage of early warning systems – only half of the 193 World Meteorological Organization members have multi-hazard systems – and enhancing coordinated efforts during the critical first 48 hours of post-disaster response (UNISDR). Also for promoting effective recovery & sustainable development, building regional trust through humanitarian efforts & tackling climate change as a cross-border challenge requiring coordinated regional action (UNISDR, UNDRR).
Global Initiatives
International cooperation in disaster risk reduction is reinforced by initiatives like the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction & the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery, aimed at promoting risk reduction & resilience worldwide (UNDRR).
India’s Initiatives for Regional Cooperation
India demonstrates its commitment to DRR through the Sendai Framework, the SAARC Agreement on Rapid Response & collaborations with organisations like the SAARC Disaster Management Centre & the Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre (UNDRR, Ministry of Home Affairs, India, SAARC). Additionally, India advances regional cooperation through the Coalition on Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI) & the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), focusing on preparedness & response strategies (CDRI, IORA, Ministry of Home Affairs, India).
Conclusion
International cooperation is indispensable for mitigating disaster risks & building a resilient future & India’s active role in fostering regional cooperation is essential too.
See lessTrace the development of the Swaraj Party in India, outlining its accomplishments and also addressing its shortcomings. (200 words)
The Development of the Swaraj Party in India The Swaraj Party, formed in 1923 by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Vithalbhai Patel, played a key role in India’s freedom struggle by pushing for constitutional reforms and using legislative councils to challenge British rule. Development of the Swaraj PartRead more
The Development of the Swaraj Party in India
The Swaraj Party, formed in 1923 by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru, and Vithalbhai Patel, played a key role in India’s freedom struggle by pushing for constitutional reforms and using legislative councils to challenge British rule.
Development of the Swaraj Party
The party emerged after the Non-Cooperation Movement ended, due to splits within the Indian National Congress between “no-changers” and “pro-changers.” Following the Chauri Chaura incident and the Gaya session, leaders sought opportunities through the 1919 Government of India Act and the 1923 elections.
Accomplishments of the Swaraj Party
The Swaraj Party won the largest share of seats in the Central Assembly and councils like Bombay, Bengal, and U.P. in the 1923 elections (Source: Reports on the 1923 elections). It blocked major legislation, including the 1924-25 Budget and the Public Safety Bill (1928), exposing British misdeeds through assembly debates, as noted in legislative records.
Shortcomings of the Swaraj Party
The party struggled to coherently align legislative actions with grassroots movements, and its overreliance on media limited its outreach. Coalitions with ideologically conflicting partners proved difficult, and neglecting peasant issues cost it Muslim support (Source: Studies on Agrarian Issues).
Conclusion
The Swaraj Party shaped Indian nationalism, influencing future movements like the Civil Disobedience Movement. It later merged with the Indian National Congress, leaving a lasting impact on India’s freedom struggle (Bhattacharya, 2016; Bandyopadhyay, 2004).
See lessWhat are the differences between landslides in the Western Ghats and those in the Himalayas? (200 words)
Landslides in the Western Ghats & the Himalayas Landslides, triggered by factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes & deforestation, pose significant risks in the Western Ghats & Himalayas. (National Geographic) Understanding them is vital for effective disaster management & environmenRead more
Landslides in the Western Ghats & the Himalayas
Landslides, triggered by factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes & deforestation, pose significant risks in the Western Ghats & Himalayas. (National Geographic) Understanding them is vital for effective disaster management & environmental conservation. (Source: Britannica)
Geographical Overview
The Western Ghats, with their Deccan basalt geology & high rainfall, are prone to mudslides & debris flows. (Indian Journal of Geology) The Himalayas, formed due to tectonic activity, experience rockslides & snow avalanches. (Source: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction)
Causes & Types of Landslides
The Western Ghats primarily experience mudslides & debris flows, while the Himalayas are prone to rockslides & snow avalanches, reflecting geological & climatic differences. (Indian Journal of Geology)
Impact & Consequences
Landslides in the Western Ghats cause infrastructure damage, loss of life & agricultural disruption. In the Himalayas, they pose severe risks to settlements, infrastructure & ecosystems. (National Disaster Management Authority of India)
Mitigation Strategies
Afforestation & soil conservation in the Western Ghats & geo-hydrological assessments & engineering solutions in the Himalayas. (Source: Journal of Mountain Science, 2020)
Case Studies
The 2018 Kerala floods & 2015 Nepal earthquake illustrate the distinct triggers & impacts of landslides in these regions. (Source: The Hindu, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction)
Conclusion
The Western Ghats & the Himalayas require region-specific approaches to address their unique landslide challenges. (Source: Indian Journal of Geology)
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