Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is a gamut of rights as discovered by the Indian Judiciary over time. Known as the “heart or bedrock” of our Indian Constitution, Article 21 holds a great level of importance as it unfolds. Described as “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal libertRead more
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is a gamut of rights as discovered by the Indian Judiciary over time. Known as the “heart or bedrock” of our Indian Constitution, Article 21 holds a great level of importance as it unfolds. Described as “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law” this article is widely interpreted by the judiciary to make a protective blanket for every person against all the odds of society.
Starting from the A.K. Gopalan Case 1950, which identifies personal liberty as merely “bodily” freedom, to the landmark Maneka Gandhi Case, which makes the right to live with dignity inclusive of A21. It stated that the P.E.B.L. must be fair and not arbitrary.
In The Olga Tellis v.s. Bombay Municipal Corporation (1986), the court included the Right to Livelihood under the ambit of A21, protecting pavement dwellers from eviction without alternative accommodation.
Making Right to Privacy a part of A21, through Justice R.S. Puttaswamy v.s. U.O.I 2017, the S.C. expanded the purview of A21. In the series of expansions, the Right To Education was entitled as an F.R. under A21(a) by the 86th C.A.A. through the landmark judgment in Miss Mohini Jain v.s. State Of Karnataka (1992).
This series of interpretations is a never-ending process, guaranteeing every person a just and dignified life.
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Volcanism : It represents the internal processes that drive everything - the movement of molten rock, the buildup of pressure, and the eventual eruption. It's the underlying cause. The volcano which is a physical structure formed from this process. Causes of Volcanism : Decompression of the Earth sRead more
Volcanism : It represents the internal processes that drive everything – the movement of molten rock, the buildup of pressure, and the eventual eruption. It’s the underlying cause. The volcano which is a physical structure formed from this process.
Causes of Volcanism :
Types of volcanism :
Types of volcanoes : Active volcano (Still erupting), Dormant volcano (Paused for now), Extinct volcano (will not erupt anymore).
Distribution of volcanoes around the world :
Their distribution is closely linked to the movement of tectonic plates, the giant slabs of rock that form Earth’s crust. As of :
a) Convergent boundaries : Occurs where two plates were colliding either to form eruption or subduction. For example, Ring of Fire, a horseshoe-shaped belt around the Pacific Ocean that contains over 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes.
b) Divergent boundaries : Occurs when two plates are moving away from each other.hot molten rock from the mantle rises to fill the gap, erupting along the mid-ocean ridges that form these boundaries. For example, Mid -atlantic ridge.
2. Hotspot volcanoes : As the tectonic plate carrying the volcano moves over the hotspot, a chain of volcanoes is created, with the oldest volcanoes farthest from the hotspot. For example, The Hawaiian islands.
Impact of volcanic activities on human life and environment :
A. Positive impacts :
B. Negative impacts :
- Loss of life and property
- Respiratory issues
- Disruption of Transportation and communication
- Damage to agriculture
- Climate change
- Water contamination
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