Restarting career after a long break imposes many challenges on women. One of the biggest challenge is the loss of professional network. They often loose touch with former colleagues, mentors and contacts in the industry. This makes it difficult for them to access job opportunities. They don’t get recommendations or referrals. It takes time to rebuild contacts.

Moreover, repid technological evolution requires continuous learning. Women who have been away from the workplace for years feel out touch or lacking in current skills.

Employers often assume that candidates with resume gaps lack lack commitment or current skills. This bias often reflects in less interview call backs and lower salary offers, despite the candidate’s potential and qualifications.

Another challenge that they face is lack of self confidence. They may doubt their qualifications and abilities, especially if their experience workplace discrimination before the break.

Balancing family responsibilities is another big challenge for many women returning to work. Juggling household duties, childcare with career demands impact their decisions to restart their careers.

Last but not the least, family pressures may discourage women from pursuing ambitious career goals or returning to full time employment.

Developing exact medicines to cure viral diseases is challenging as compared to bacterial, fungal or protozoal diseases is due to the unique nature of viruses.

Some of the key challenges are:

1) Viruses require host cells ton replicate. They hijack host’s cellular machinery for their own replication. Thus it is difficult to target viruses without harming the hosts which they infect.

2) The drugs particularly antibiotics that are used to target bacteria work on the differences in the metabolic pathway or cellular structures between bacteria and human. But viruses lack a metabolic pathway or cellular structures that can be targetted by drugs.

3) Some viruses can persist in the body for extensive periods. Thus they may evade immune responses and antiviral drugs during persistent phases.

4) Immune response to viral infection varies between people. Thus, developing drugs that enhance immune response to effectively treat viral infections without any harmful side effects is a challenging task.

Genome Editing is a process by which alterations are made to the DNA (genetic material) of an organism. These genetic alterations can cause changes in physical traits like hair colour, eye colour, body height, etc. Editing can be done on somatic cells as well as germline cells. This process has many prospects  for example, it can be used to prevent, treat or cure certain diseases.

Inspite of the benefits this technology offers, there are various ethical issues involved.

Some concerns are:

1) Some arguments say that when germline genome is edited, there is alteration in the genome of embryo at its earliest stages, which may effect every cell. This means that it has an impact not only on the person who may result, but also on his/her descendants.

2) Should people be allowed to use this technology to embrace basic human characteristics like height or skin colour?

3) It is difficult to ensure that people completely understand the risks and benefits involved with altering their genome.

4) The high cost of genome editing may  make it available only to the wealthy section of society, thus ensuring fair and equitable access is a big challenge.

5) Genetically engineered humans may feel alienated from themselves or feel a confused identity.