The El Nio Southern Oscillation is due to periodic temperature changes between the ocean and atmosphere in the east-central Equatorial Pacific. The two phases are El Nio and La Nia, characterized by cooler ocean temperatures.

Relationship between ENSO Events and the Indian Monsoon

• Rainfall Patterns: The Indian subcontinent experienced a change in rainfall patterns during the ENSO phenomenon. In other words, a strong El Nio event caused a severe drought in 2002. On the other hand, the 1988 monsoon, a direct result of La Nia, was one of the wettest on record.
• Regional Variations: The extreme weather events of the ENSO are contributing to considerable differences in weather conditions across India. For example, northeast India was hit by heavy floods due to irregular rainfall patterns during the 2006 El Nio, when central India was experiencing a dry spell.
• Historical Events: For instance, the El Niño events of 1877 and 1899 affected the Indian monsoon reducing rainfall and causing severe droughts, showcasing a consistent pattern of distress during such periods. For modern forecasting and preparation strategies, it is essential to understand this past development.

In conclusion, the events of El Nio Southern Oscillation, affecting different sectors in India, such as agriculture, biodiversity, and health, have an enormous impact on the monsoon. India can lay the basis for a forward-thinking approach to managing the impact of ENSO events on its monsoon patterns, focusing on sustainability and resilience in different sectors by adopting such strategies.