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What do you understand by pressure groups? Provide examples and explain the various techniques employed by these groups. (200 words)
Pressure groups are groups or associations of people that have a common goal of trying to influence the decision-makers in the legislative as well as in the executive branches of government. There are many kinds of pressure groups, ranging from business organizations to societies that work at the veRead more
Pressure groups are groups or associations of people that have a common goal of trying to influence the decision-makers in the legislative as well as in the executive branches of government. There are many kinds of pressure groups, ranging from business organizations to societies that work at the very grassroots level.
Illustrations of Pressure Groups
The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) advocates for a wide cross-section of Indian industries.
The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) is also a strong advocate for the interests of business people.
India Against Corruption was a horizontal movement that sought to address all forms of corruption..
Methods Used by Pressure Groups
Public Opinion Management: Through the distribution of information, pressure groups change the attitude of people towards certain issues. The Kaiga project in Karnataka, for example, was preceded by many reports aimed at raising environmental concerns.
Direct lobbying: this entails purchasing politicians to push for specific policies. In this case, ASSOCHAM argued in favour of providing a wage subsidy to the MSMEs sector.
Social movements and litigation: professional and legal forms of problem resolution are frequently used as a lever to alter state behavior, for instance, when Medha Patkar revolted against the Narmada Dam.
Mass rallies and demonstrations: Non-violent protests are effective in gaining attention, as was the case of farmers protests against the farm laws in 2021.
Civil society organisations: The Chipko and Appiko movements are examples of these that are involved in protecting the environment.
Political party funding: Political financing is one of the avenues through which interest groups alter policy.
Media Relations: Raising awareness through the media is another important step.
Conclusion
In democratic settings, there are always pressure group and while the government in power liaises with one party, pressure groups always represent the interests of the rest. Their idea is to make sure that a number of sections in the society get representation when choices are made.
See lessOutline the grounds for disqualification under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. Additionally, discuss the remedial measures available to those representatives who have been disqualified. (200 words)
The Representation of the People Act here in this context, 1951 is the basic law which talks about the conduct of the electorates and protects the interest of the Member as well as the electorates. It outlines the conditions of disqualification in order to maintain the dignity as well as standards oRead more
The Representation of the People Act here in this context, 1951 is the basic law which talks about the conduct of the electorates and protects the interest of the Member as well as the electorates. It outlines the conditions of disqualification in order to maintain the dignity as well as standards of the Legislature.
Grounds of Disqualification:
1. Criminal Grounds: Section 8(1) comprises certain types of crimes and actions that will result in the disqualification, some of which are:
– Offender under Section 153A/IPC for promoting enmity(CIPC)?
– Stealing the votes, i.e. undue election influence.
– Gender-based crime such as rape or cruelty against women.
– Any other form of hate speech in the form of incitement (IPC).
2. Corruption: Another grounds is the conviction for bribery or corruption under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
3. Other Offences: Another gamut of other offenses that is practicing untouchability Protection of Civil Rights Act1976 or contravention of the drug laws NDPS Act 1979 expunges a person.
4. Contractual and Excusal Grounds Relating to Employment/Choose Employment: It is also a ground where a person has ceased to engage in activity which is supported by a government contract or which involves non-compliance with the submission with the election expenses accounts with the ECI.
5. Judicial Precedent: The newly coined The Lily Thomas Case (2013) ruled that more than two years of having been convicted of a crime under the eyes of law is clear disqualification for any Member of Parliament or State Legislature.
Remedial Measures:
1. Election Commission (ECI) Powers: The ECI may remit or relieve the disqualifications (except the ones mentioned in Section 8A).
2. Petition to the President As discussed above, a debarred person has the right to make a plea for redress under Sections 8A, before the President himself.
3. Appeals Under Sections 13(a), there is legal recourse open to any grievance person or persons having been dispossessed of property with a declared law of disqualification on the principle being unfair against them.
4. Opportunity to be heard: In handling cases of corrupt practices the ECI provides an opportunity of hearing of an order that is final in nature to be passed at its hands.
5. Constitutional Provisions: The constitutional remedies can also be obtained against the absconding members from political parties under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution.
See lessDiscuss the eight main components of good governance.
Good governance is characterized by eight main components: 1. Participation: This citizens' level of participation in the process ensures that the views of such citizens is taken into consideration for making the decision. 2. Rule of Law: Maintaining the rule of law and ensuring laws are not distortRead more
Good governance is characterized by eight main components:
See less1. Participation: This citizens’ level of participation in the process ensures that the views of such citizens is taken into consideration for making the decision.
2. Rule of Law: Maintaining the rule of law and ensuring laws are not distorted in their implementation while the government is bound by them and upholds its citizens’ rights.
3. Transparency: It promotes accountability and supervision by the people in the government decisions and processes.
4. Accountability: The office being accountable to the society means that they are responsible for their decisions and actions that they take in the public interest.
5. Effectiveness and Efficiency: This means the ability to manage and the extent of the need to manage the service including the time taken to deliver services.
6. Equity and Inclusiveness: Making everyone and any group of people included or the benefited of this policy, no matter the race, gender, or the socio-economic background.
7. Responsiveness: There are the following facts that can indicate that services to the populace need rapid acknowledgment of the problem.
8. Consensus-oriented: It is to try to get a unanimous agreement by all the interested parties since it is more or less sustainable.
Case Study
Difference between NPM and Traditional Approaches in Accountability NPM or New Public Management promotes accountability concerning the performance of the citizen enjoying the services as the customers Understanding the traditional approaches adoption which are more geared towards contacts and adheRead more
Difference between NPM and Traditional Approaches in Accountability
NPM or New Public Management promotes accountability concerning the performance of the citizen enjoying the services as the customers Understanding the traditional approaches adoption which are more geared towards contacts and adhered to a procedure, functional, and based on rules and regulations Mutual Relationship between Ethics and Values Ethics will refer to the behavior in alignment with morals while values will refer to the aspects that an individual holds dear. However, they create a basis for norms on the conduct of individual and professional beings ensuring the principles of wholeness, trust, and commitment to the society as a whole.
Morality and Administration in Tackling Corruption Integrity and transparency are core attributes in administrative settings and tackling of corruption hinges upon their presence. Without addressing the moral issues underlying corruption, any efforts to combat it are bound to be ineffective and gain no public confidence.
Impact of Morality and Values on Administration It goes without saying that morality and values make people more committed to public service and more ethical in their decision-making, the end result of which is a more transparent, just and welfare oriented type of administration. They serve as deterrent to the abuse of the power and promote good governance.
Moral Dilemmas Faced by the Government Related to Farm Bill, 2020 The Farm Bill, 2020 on the other hand had moral dilemma unable to strike a balance between economic reforms and farmer welfare policies. The government was put in an ethical dilemma of securing farmers’ livelihood, the right to access fair prices, and fear of business getting into agriculture.
See lessCase Study
A Philosophical Approach to Buddhism It can be interpreted that Buddhism is a religion that incorporates philosophical views. The main ideas about this philosophy are The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the principles that support spiritual development with no need for the divinity. That wRead more
A Philosophical Approach to Buddhism
It can be interpreted that Buddhism is a religion that incorporates philosophical views. The main ideas about this philosophy are The Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the principles that support spiritual development with no need for the divinity. That was because it was important to be aware of that the Buddhists are known to perform rituals and the Buddha’s teachings can be regarded as religion, contributing more to the religious content.
Application of Buddhist Tenets to Government
These are tenets to which a citizen will be enlightened, which is, compassion, ethical leadership, and mindfulness and, when one or more persons act, or if one acts, without making it in society, that act is, will be in the interest of society.
Karma in Buddhism
This means that an action, whether positive or negative, will lead to a change in the person’s future life.
Discipline of the Mind
Buddha realized that the way he could achieve liberation from suffering, he could control his mind, and that was sufficient in the course of his enlightenment. Through meditation under the Bodhi tree, he attained a state of discipline and became enlightened.
The Middle Path in Buddhism
Middle Path in the Buddhist system refers to a concept where one tries not to fully give up pleasures or extreme asceticism.
See lessGive any four objectives of Auditing. (Answer limit: 15 words, Marks 02) [RPSC 2023]
(i) Verifying financial statements: Auditors verify that the financial statements accurately represent the company's financial status and transactions. (ii) Detect and prevent fraud risk: Audits help to reduce the risk of fraud. (iii) Improving transparency: Audits contribute to an organization's ovRead more
(i) Verifying financial statements: Auditors verify that the financial statements accurately represent the company’s financial status and transactions.
(ii) Detect and prevent fraud risk: Audits help to reduce the risk of fraud.
(iii) Improving transparency: Audits contribute to an organization’s overall transparency and governance.
(iv) Supporting stakeholders: Audits help stakeholders, such as investors, creditors, and regulators, make informed decisions
See lessGive an example of each – (i) Artificial sweeteners (ii) Food preservatives (iii) Ores of zinc (Answer limit: 100 words, Marks 10) [RPSC 2023]
(i) Artificial sweeteners such as Neotame are commonly found in low calorie foods and diet sodas as a substitute, for sugar. (ii) Preserving Food such as Sodium benzoate is commonly used in products like as jams and carbonated beverages to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend shelf life.Read more
(i) Artificial sweeteners such as Neotame are commonly found in low calorie foods and diet sodas as a substitute, for sugar.
(ii) Preserving Food such as Sodium benzoate is commonly used in products like as jams and carbonated beverages to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend shelf life.
(iii) Zinc ores like sphalerite (also known as zinc blende or ZnPb2) are sources of zinc used in the extraction of metals. Are typically discovered in mining regions dedicated for zinc manufacturing purposes.
See lessMention the contribution of the following Indian Scientists – (ii) Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (i) Homi Jehangir Bhabha (iii) Satyendra Nath Bose (iv) Meghnad Saha (v) Har Gobind Khorana. (Answer limit: 100 words, Marks 10) [RPSC 2023]
Sir Mokshgundam Visvesvaraya was an engineer and served as the Diwan of Mysore; he is recognized for creating methods to safeguard areas from floods and played a role, in building the Krishna Raja Sagara dam while transforming water management practices, in India. Homi Jehangir Bhabha is often referRead more
Sir Mokshgundam Visvesvaraya was an engineer and served as the Diwan of Mysore; he is recognized for creating methods to safeguard areas from floods and played a role, in building the Krishna Raja Sagara dam while transforming water management practices, in India.
Homi Jehangir Bhabha is often referred to as the pioneer of Indias program. Was instrumental, in establishing the Tata Institute while laying the groundwork, for atomic energy research.
Satyen Bose found the Bose Einstein statistics that’re crucial, in quantum mechanics and led to particles named bosons in his honor.
Meghnand Saha is a known to be astrophysicist who developed the Saha ionization equation that greatly contributed towards our understanding of spectra.
Har Gobind Khorana was awarded a Nobel Prize, for his ground-breaking work in decoding and making contributions, to the fields of biotechnology and genetic research.
See lessCan you explain the functions of the UPSC and outline the constitutional provisions that protect its independence and impartiality? (200 words)
Introduction The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is invested with constitutional status under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. The Commission plays a role in personnel management and recruitment to All-India Services & Centralised Services on the basis of merit and in the interestRead more
Introduction
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is invested with constitutional status under Article 315 of the Indian Constitution. The Commission plays a role in personnel management and recruitment to All-India Services & Centralised Services on the basis of merit and in the interest of effective and honest administration.
Functions of the UPSC
Examination by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) commemorates competitive tests for enrolling All-India Services and Central Services Exams in various departments of the Government of India.
Advisory: Consultation with the government on recruitment, transfers, promotions of civil services officials and disciplinary matters etc.
Joint Recruitment Schemes: Support states for the joint recruitment schemes to be prepared by them, if required.
Other Functions: Indian Parliament may confer additional functions to the Union Public Service Commission.
Lateral Entry Interviews: Provides recruitment interviews for the officers on lateral entry scheme for particular posts.
Provisions in the Constitution to Insulate from Political Influence
Security of Tenure (Article 316): Each member is appointed for a period of six years or till the member attains the age of sixty-five whichever is earlier.
Removal Process (Article 317): The members can be removed from their office only for proven misbehavior or for incapacity to perform the functions of the office after due inquiry by the Supreme Court.
Conditions of Service (Article 318): The conditions of service of the members of the Union Public Service Commission shall not be altered so as to affect them to a greater disadvantage than they existed at the time of appointment.
Financial Independence (Article 322): The salary and pension of the members of the UPSC are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India which ensures independence to the commission.
Restrictions on Reappointment (Article 319): Members are unable to assume another office under the auspices of the government after retirement.
Non-Acceptance Memorandum (Article 323): Needs the government almost to undertake explanations of the causes for abstaining from application of UPSC recommendations.
Conclusion
With the wide dimensional array of functions and strong constitutional guarantees, the UPSC ensures efficient and unbiased civil services promoting merit in the governance of India.
See lessUnder what circumstances can President’s Rule be imposed in a state? Additionally, outline the procedure for its imposition and its implications. (200 words)
Introduction Imposition of the President’s rule is a state of government in which the constitution provided for the suspension of a state government in its entirety in favor of central control. It exists to ensure that constitutionalism prevails in india in situations when a state’s government failsRead more
Introduction
Imposition of the President’s rule is a state of government in which the constitution provided for the suspension of a state government in its entirety in favor of central control. It exists to ensure that constitutionalism prevails in india in situations when a state’s government fails.
Reasons for the Imposition
The imposition of President’s rule has been made under article 356 which states that if there is a complete failure of constitutional machinery in a state as may be communicated by the governor or deputy governor or Head of the State, then the president has the power to stand in the state. Other clauses are in article 365 and they are. , Or, for example:
Procedure for Imposition
But if these conditions are satisfied, the proclamation is made which is named as President’s Rule proclamation. After the Proclamation 2 months is granted for both the Houses of Parliament to approve it by a simple majority. President’s rule is valid for the first six months but this can be renewed for three years ensuring that the parliament approves this action every six months.
Consequences of the Imposition of President’s Rule
The president’s rule results in the removal of the state council of ministers and chief minister, the government’s power is transferred to the governor, sometimes the chief secretary or advisors. The State Legislative Assembly may be suspended or dissolved, transferring its powers to Parliament. The 44th Constitutional Amendment Act introduced checks, allowing judicial review of such proclamations, exemplified in the SR Bommai case.
Conclusion
President’s Rule ensures stability and governance; however, constitutional checks are crucial to prevent its misuse.
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