What is NDMA?

NDMA stands for the National Disaster Management Authority. It is an organization in India responsible for:

• Disaster Management: NDMA formulates policies and plans for disaster management and response.
• Coordination: It coordinates efforts between different government agencies and states during disasters like floods, earthquakes, and pandemics.
• Preparedness and Mitigation: The authority works on enhancing preparedness and reducing risks associated with disasters.

Key Functions:

• Training: Provides training to various stakeholders on disaster management techniques.
• Awareness Campaigns: Conducts campaigns to educate the public about disaster risks and safety measures.

Types of Forests in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh has a rich variety of forests due to its diverse climate and geography. Here are three main types:

1. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

• Coverage: These are the most widespread, covering approximately 88% of the state’s forest area.
• Characteristics: Trees shed leaves seasonally, and common species include teak, tendu, and sal.
• Location: Found in areas with 75-100 cm of rainfall.

2. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

• Coverage: These forests cover significant parts of central Madhya Pradesh.
• Characteristics: Trees retain leaves longer due to higher rainfall (100-150 cm).
• Common Trees: Includes valuable species like sal, which is used for timber.

3. Tropical Thorn Forests

• Coverage: Limited coverage, about 0.26%.
• Characteristics: Found in drier regions with thorny bushes and hardy species like babul.
• Location: Primarily in areas bordering Rajasthan.

These forests play a crucial role in biodiversity and provide resources for local communities. Madhya Pradesh’s forests are a mix of economically valuable timber and minor forest products such as tendu leaves and bamboo, essential for the state’s economy

Rainfall in Equatorial Regions

Type of Rainfall

• Convectional Rainfall: This type of rainfall is most common in equatorial regions.

Characteristics:

• High Temperatures: The intense heat causes rapid evaporation and condensation.
• Daily Afternoon Showers: Warm air rises, cools, and forms clouds, leading to daily rainfall, often in the afternoon.

Regions:

• Found in areas around the equator, including the Amazon Basin and Central Africa.

Location of the Alps Mountains

Continent:

• The Alps Mountains are located in Europe.

Key Facts:

• The Alps stretch across eight countries: France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.
• They are well-known for their snow-capped peaks and scenic beauty.

Popular Activities:

• Winter Sports: The Alps are famous for skiing, snowboarding, and mountain climbing.
• Tourism: Each year, millions visit for outdoor activities and beautiful landscapes.

Main Causes of Displacement

Displacement refers to the forced movement of people from their homes. Here are three main causes:

1. Conflict and Violence
   Wars and civil unrest force people to flee for safety, like the Syrian refugee crisis.
2. Natural Disasters
   Earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes can destroy homes, leading to mass evacuations, as seen in Haiti after the 2010 earthquake.
3. Development Projects
   Large infrastructure projects, like dams or highways, may displace communities, often without adequate compensation.