What is Migration?

Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, often from rural areas to urban centers, seeking better living conditions, job opportunities, and education.

Impacts of Rural to Urban Migration in India

• Economic Growth: Urban migration contributes significantly to economic development. Migrants often fill labor shortages in cities, driving industries and services.
• Urban Overcrowding: Rapid influx of people leads to overcrowded cities, resulting in pressure on housing, transportation, and public services. For example, cities like Mumbai and Delhi struggle with traffic congestion and inadequate infrastructure.
• Cultural Exchange: Migration fosters cultural diversity. People from different backgrounds contribute to a vibrant urban culture, enhancing social life and creativity.
• Rural Decline: As young people leave rural areas, there is a decline in agriculture and traditional crafts. This can lead to economic stagnation in these regions.
• Social Challenges: Migrants often face challenges like discrimination, inadequate housing, and poor working conditions in cities.

Summary

Migration from rural to urban areas in India is a complex process with both positive and negative impacts. It is essential to address the challenges to ensure sustainable urban development.

Global Positioning System (GPS) Development

Origin
The Global Positioning System (GPS) was initially developed by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) in the early 1970s. This project aimed to create a reliable satellite navigation system.

Key Features

• First Satellite: The first GPS satellite, known as NAVSTAR, was launched in 1978.
• Full System: The system became fully operational with 24 satellites in 1993.

GPS has since evolved into a multi-use navigation system, essential for various applications worldwide.

What is NDMA?

NDMA stands for the National Disaster Management Authority. It is an organization in India responsible for:

• Disaster Management: NDMA formulates policies and plans for disaster management and response.
• Coordination: It coordinates efforts between different government agencies and states during disasters like floods, earthquakes, and pandemics.
• Preparedness and Mitigation: The authority works on enhancing preparedness and reducing risks associated with disasters.

Key Functions:

• Training: Provides training to various stakeholders on disaster management techniques.
• Awareness Campaigns: Conducts campaigns to educate the public about disaster risks and safety measures.

Types of Forests in Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh has a rich variety of forests due to its diverse climate and geography. Here are three main types:

1. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests

• Coverage: These are the most widespread, covering approximately 88% of the state’s forest area.
• Characteristics: Trees shed leaves seasonally, and common species include teak, tendu, and sal.
• Location: Found in areas with 75-100 cm of rainfall.

2. Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests

• Coverage: These forests cover significant parts of central Madhya Pradesh.
• Characteristics: Trees retain leaves longer due to higher rainfall (100-150 cm).
• Common Trees: Includes valuable species like sal, which is used for timber.

3. Tropical Thorn Forests

• Coverage: Limited coverage, about 0.26%.
• Characteristics: Found in drier regions with thorny bushes and hardy species like babul.
• Location: Primarily in areas bordering Rajasthan.

These forests play a crucial role in biodiversity and provide resources for local communities. Madhya Pradesh’s forests are a mix of economically valuable timber and minor forest products such as tendu leaves and bamboo, essential for the state’s economy

Rainfall in Equatorial Regions

Type of Rainfall

• Convectional Rainfall: This type of rainfall is most common in equatorial regions.

Characteristics:

• High Temperatures: The intense heat causes rapid evaporation and condensation.
• Daily Afternoon Showers: Warm air rises, cools, and forms clouds, leading to daily rainfall, often in the afternoon.

Regions:

• Found in areas around the equator, including the Amazon Basin and Central Africa.