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Sammi Bhargav

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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Nistha Hansaria
  • 1
Nistha HansariaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 1

  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    Ecological Impacts of Shark Population Declines: Disruption of Trophic Cascades: Sharks are apex predators in marine ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regulating the populations of their prey species. Declines in shark populations can lead to trophic cascades, where the removal of top predatorsRead more

    Ecological Impacts of Shark Population Declines:

    1. Disruption of Trophic Cascades:
      • Sharks are apex predators in marine ecosystems, playing a crucial role in regulating the populations of their prey species.
      • Declines in shark populations can lead to trophic cascades, where the removal of top predators causes imbalances throughout the food web.
      • This can result in the overpopulation of mid-level consumers, leading to the depletion of their prey species and disrupting the overall ecosystem dynamics.
    2. Altered Habitat Structure and Biodiversity:
      • Sharks help maintain the health and diversity of marine habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds, by controlling the populations of their prey.
      • Declines in shark populations can allow for the overgrowth of certain species, leading to the degradation of critical habitats and a loss of overall biodiversity.
      • This can have cascading effects on the abundance and distribution of other marine organisms, including commercially important species.
    3. Reduced Nutrient Cycling and Energy Flow:
      • Sharks play a role in the movement and cycling of nutrients throughout the marine ecosystem, as they consume and transport nutrients across different habitats.
      • Declining shark populations can disrupt these nutrient cycling processes, potentially leading to imbalances in the overall productivity and functioning of the ecosystem.
    4. Increased Prey Populations and Altered Behavior:
      • The removal of apex predators, such as sharks, can cause their prey species to become more abundant and exhibit changes in their behavior, such as increased boldness or altered foraging patterns.
      • These changes in prey populations and behavior can further destabilize the ecosystem, affecting the dynamics of other species and the overall ecosystem resilience.

    Role of Marine Protected Areas and Shark Sanctuaries in Shark Conservation:

    1. Habitat Protection:
      • Marine protected areas (MPAs) and shark sanctuaries provide designated, protected habitats for sharks, allowing them to thrive and maintain their ecological roles.
      • These areas restrict or prohibit activities like fishing, which can help to rebuild and sustain shark populations.
    2. Population Recovery and Resilience:
      • By reducing fishing pressure and other threats, MPAs and shark sanctuaries can facilitate the recovery of shark populations, allowing them to reestablish their ecological functions.
      • The increased abundance and diversity of sharks within these protected areas can enhance the overall resilience of the ecosystem to disturbances and environmental changes.
    3. Enforcement and Regulation:
      • Effective management and enforcement of MPAs and shark sanctuaries can help deter illegal fishing and other activities that threaten shark populations.
      • Regulations and policies within these protected areas can also promote sustainable fishing practices and limit the trade of shark products, contributing to shark conservation efforts.
    4. Research and Monitoring:
      • MPAs and shark sanctuaries provide opportunities for researchers to study shark behavior, ecology, and population dynamics, generating valuable data to inform conservation strategies.
      • Monitoring programs within these protected areas can also track the effectiveness of conservation efforts and guide adaptive management approaches.
    5. Public Awareness and Education:
      • MPAs and shark sanctuaries can serve as platforms for public education and awareness campaigns, helping to inform and engage local communities and the global public about the importance of shark conservation.
      • This can foster a greater appreciation for sharks and their role in maintaining healthy marine ecosystems, which can translate into support for conservation initiatives.
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Shivani Sharma
  • 1
Shivani SharmaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 1

Do you think, gradually childhood is getting vanished in this modern era?

question
  1. Arushi Thukral
    Arushi Thukral Begginer

    Undoubtedly, kids in today's world do not understand the worth of things; everything is a fad, and they often emulate their friends. The boundaries of childhood are vanishing day by day with ever-evolving technological advancements, academic pressure, and the influence of digital media, which is resRead more

    Undoubtedly, kids in today’s world do not understand the worth of things; everything is a fad, and they often emulate their friends. The boundaries of childhood are vanishing day by day with ever-evolving technological advancements, academic pressure, and the influence of digital media, which is reshaping the experiences of young people. the pressure of modern life is taking over the innocence of kids these days. excessive screen time, the advantage of having all the knowledge on screens has taken away the joy of learning and exploring new things. the carefree childhood has been replaced by these modern norms, cultures and values. In conclusion, it is disturbing not just for their mental health but for their physical health as well.

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Anjali N
  • 2
Anjali NBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 2

How is climate change affected over the years

  1. Vinni Bihari
    Vinni Bihari Begginer

    Climate change has been significantly affecting the planet over the years in the following ways: Rising Temperatures: Global average temperatures have been steadily increasing since the late 19th century, with the last decade (2011-2020) being the warmest on record. The rate of warming has acceleratRead more

    Climate change has been significantly affecting the planet over the years in the following ways:

    1. Rising Temperatures:
      • Global average temperatures have been steadily increasing since the late 19th century, with the last decade (2011-2020) being the warmest on record.
      • The rate of warming has accelerated, with the 2010s being the hottest decade ever recorded.
      • Warming is more pronounced in certain regions, such as the Arctic, which is warming more than twice as fast as the global average.
    2. Melting Ice and Sea Level Rise:
      • Arctic sea ice extent has declined rapidly, with the Arctic region experiencing significant ice loss.
      • Glaciers around the world have been retreating and losing mass at an accelerated pace, particularly in mountain regions.
      • The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have been experiencing significant melt and mass loss, contributing to the rise in global average sea levels.
      • Global average sea levels have risen by about 8-9 inches (21-24 cm) since 1900, with the rate of rise accelerating in recent decades.
    3. Extreme Weather Events:
      • The frequency, intensity, and duration of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, floods, and hurricanes, have increased significantly in many regions.
      • These extreme events have caused significant damage, disruption, and loss of life in affected communities.
    4. Shifts in Precipitation Patterns:
      • Climate change is altering precipitation patterns, leading to changes in the frequency, intensity, and distribution of rainfall and snowfall around the world.
      • Some regions are experiencing more frequent and severe droughts, while others are seeing an increase in heavy precipitation events and flooding.
    5. Ecosystem and Biodiversity Impacts:
      • Climate change is causing significant disruptions to natural ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity, habitat degradation, and the displacement or extinction of many species.
      • Coral reefs, tropical forests, Arctic tundra, and other sensitive ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
    6. Socioeconomic Consequences:
      • The impacts of climate change are having far-reaching socioeconomic consequences, including threats to food and water security, human health, infrastructure, and economic stability.
      • These effects disproportionately impact vulnerable communities and developing countries.
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Panna Lal
  • 1
Panna LalBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

Identifying the problems with agricultural extension in India, talk about how Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) are helping to improve the country’s system of agricultural research extension.

upsc: technology missions in agriculture
  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education, training and assistance. It is aimed to develop agriculture practices through research and development. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has initiaRead more

    Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and new knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education, training and assistance. It is aimed to develop agriculture practices through research and development. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has initiated several extension approaches including Krishi Vigyan Kendras (1974) with its mandate ranging from vocational training to technology assessment and demonstration for its application and capacity development.

    However, there are various issues with agricultural extension in India, including

    • Low public spending on agriculture research and development despite the recommended expenditure of around 2 percent of GDP.
    • Deficiency of infrastructure such as irrigation, connectivity, electricity, logistics and price incentives limit the impact of extension services thereby hindering agriculture growth.
    • One-size-fits-all approach in a country with a large number of farmers categorized as small and marginal and not factoring in aspects such as resource availability, agro-climatic conditions etc.
    • Lack of capacity and resources within civil society organisations to make a significant impact across regions. Though NGO-led extension models offer far more variety and display sensitivity to local priorities and conditions.
    • Lack of functional coordination at field level among the government, private sector, NGOs and others providing agriculture extension services.
    • Absence of quality standards leaves questions of accountability, as the majority of farmers are not in a position to pursue legal remedies in case of erroneous or even harmful advice.

    Role of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) in strengthening the national agricultural research extension system

    • Identifying farming systems, field problems and developing action plans: KVK scientists visit on the ground and identify the grass root level problems existing in the villages, which are pivotal for designing future action plans.
    • Technology development: Technology development is a continuous process and in this KVKs act as a crucial player in testing, adaptation and integration of proven technologies.
    • Front line demonstration: KVKs demonstrate proven technologies for the first time to convince farmers and extension workers to establish production potential of technologies on the farmers’ fields.
    • Capacity building: Through capacity development programs of farmers and extension personnel, KVKs update their knowledge and skills on modern agricultural technologies.
    • Work as knowledge and resource centre of agricultural technologies for supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector in improving the agricultural economy of the district.
    • Provide farm advisories using ICT and other media means on varied subjects of interest to farmers. Today, KVKs are the focal point for Assessment, Refinement and Demonstration of front line technologies for all developmental activities related to agriculture, community and industries in rural India.

    Due to changing agricultural conditions—including climate change, increasingly degraded and marginalized land coming into production, limited water availability, increasing use of inputs, rising fuel costs, and unknown market opportunities—farmers require access to timely, reliable, and relevant information that can support the complexity within which their farm enterprises operate.

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Rajeshwari Meena
  • 1
Rajeshwari MeenaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

Although the Central and state governments have implemented reforms to restructure the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), a number of obstacles still stand in the way of their effective operation. Explain.

upsc: local governance
  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are institutions constituted for local self-government in urban areas through their elected representatives. Rapid speed of urbanisation in India poses the challenge of improving the lives of urban residents, which needs to be tackled by reforming urban governance and strenRead more

    Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are institutions constituted for local self-government in urban areas through their elected representatives. Rapid speed of urbanisation in India poses the challenge of improving the lives of urban residents, which needs to be tackled by reforming urban governance and strengthening urban local bodies. Over the last few years, several measures have been taken by the Centre and the state governments in capacity building and overhauling of urban local bodies. These include the following:

    Reforms undertaken by the Central Government:

    • Enactment of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, to Constitutionally recognize urban local bodies.
    • The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has incorporated a Comprehensive Capacity Building Programme (CCBP) to support ULBs under the AMRUT scheme.
    • The Municipal Performance Index (MPI) has been released to assess and analyze the performance of Indian municipalities on various parameters from provision of basic public services to more complex domains like urban planning.
    • Preparation of a National Municipal Accounting Manual to enhance the capacities of ULBs in municipal accounting. This has led to increased transparency regarding utilization of public funds.

    Reforms undertaken by the state governments:

    • Rationalization of stamp duty to establish an efficient real estate market with limited barriers on transfer of property.
    • Reform in rent control laws to balance the rights and obligations of landlords and tenants and to encourage construction and development of housing stocks.
    • Encouraging urban local bodies to make use of municipal bonds to raise funds. Since 1998, local bodies in cities like Nasik, Nagpur, Ludhiana, and Madurai have accessed the capital markets through municipal bonds.
    • Repeal of the Urban Land Ceilings Regulation Act, 1976, by states such as Maharashtra for increasing the supply of land in the market and establishing an effective land market.

    More steps like implementation of e-governance for transparent administration and property tax collaboration with GIS have been taken. However, the urban local bodies are still fraught with structural and institutional challenges which impede their effective functioning, such as:

    • Financial scarcity and corruption: The urban local bodies are facing acute scarcity of finance, as the extent of financial devolution is not commensurate with their responsibilities. Further, some urban local bodies do not collect enough taxes and do not realize the full potential of property tax. Apart from that corruption, favoritism and nepotism are making them inefficient.
    • State’s control in urban planning: In most cases, urban planning is done at the state government level and ULBs have little role in it. Also, excessive control of the states over ULBs restricts the functioning of the latter.
    • Multiplicity of agencies: Multiplicity of agencies like Jal boards, electricity boards, and other special purpose vehicles engaged in urban administration invariably leads to problems of coordination.
    • Inadequately trained personnel: The government functionaries, especially in smaller ULBs, lack exposure to cross learning and to best practices in innovative technologies in areas such as urban planning, citizen participation, municipal service delivery etc.
    • Irregular elections: Elections in some ULBs have been postponed for more than six months due to reorganization of ward boundaries, extension of limits, etc. Further, many states do not constitute the State Election Commission at the prescribed time interval.

    To address the above challenges, steps like strengthening of Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) to support the training needs of ULBs, increasing financial devolution and resource mobilization avenues for ULBs, proactive coordination among the Centre, state, and ULBs regarding urban planning, etc. are the need of the hour.

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Dua Mohanti
  • 1
Dua MohantiBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

Describe the beginnings and development of devotional Bhakti in South India and talk about the ways in which this popular movement found expression in the region’s vernacular literature.

upsc: bhakti & sufi movements
  1. Sammi Bhargav
    Sammi Bhargav Begginer

    The Bhakti movement as it originated in South India in the eighth century refers to the religious movement during the medieval period, which propagated the concept of Bhakti i.e., intense love and devotion to God while condemning rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. It sought to bring religious reRead more

    The Bhakti movement as it originated in South India in the eighth century refers to the religious movement during the medieval period, which propagated the concept of Bhakti i.e., intense love and devotion to God while condemning rituals, ceremonies and superstitions. It sought to bring religious reforms to all strata of society by adopting the method of devotion to achieve salvation. It achieved a great deal of popularity through the poems of the Alvars and Nayanars, the Vaishnavite and Shaivite poets.

    Its origin and spread can be traced as following

    • An earlier type of Bhakti that preaches a personal devotion, contemplative and sober, to a personal Lord can be found expressed in the Bhagavad Gita.
    • Though exact time of beginning of Bhakti is uncertain, the earliest devotional bhakti poetry of Tamil precedes the coming of Islam. The divination of Krishna and Rama emerged around the beginning of the Christian era. Stories about Krishna were added to the Puranas, thus transforming the Krishna myth and leading to slow transformation of Bhakti itself.
    • From the seventh to the tenth centuries a very extensive hymnal literature came to light. The collections of these hymns acquired immense importance and soon came to be considered as the ‘Tamil Veda’.
    • The first clear manifestation of the new form of bhakti which was emotional, ardent, ecstatic, often using erotic imagery- appears in the Tamil country in the early seventh century, in the poems of the Nayanars and of the Alvars.
      • Nayannars: They composed hymns in the praise of Lord Shiva.
      • Alvars: Alvars, which literally means “those immersed in God”, were Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu or Krishna as they travelled from one place to another.
      • Virashaiva Movement: They emerged in the 12th Century AD in Karnataka during the reign of Kalachuri dynasty. They opposed the elaborate rituals prescribed by Hindu priests.
      • Various saints: In the ninth century, Shankaracharya, born in Kerala, started a Hindu revivalist movement giving a new orientation to Hinduism. In the twelfth century, Ramanuja, born near modern Chennai, preached Vishishtadvaita. In the thirteenth century, Madhavacharya from the Kannada region propagated Dvaita or dualism of Jivatma and Paramatma.

    Thus, the Bhakti movement spread in South India through various saints who denounced rigidities of Hinduism. The vernacular language of the south depicts the Bhakti movement in following form:

    • In the Tamil region the hymns of the Alvars and the Nayannars soon gained the status of divine scripture.
      • Nayannars wrote ‘Tevaram’, which is also called the Dravida Veda.
      • Alvars composed hymns in the praise of Vishnu and his avatars, which are compiled in the ‘Divya Prabandha’.
    • Virasaivas invented a new kind of Kannada literature called – the vachana. These were little pieces of rhythmic prose sermons, meant for the people and inculcating bhakti to Shiva. The Lingayats also left collections of hymns, and a hagiographic literature in praise of their saints.
      • During Vijayanagar kingdom, the Mahabharata and other Sanskrit texts were translated into vernacular. These were often followed by popular songs composed and sung by the dasas, or mendicant singers.
    • Telugu literature follows closely the pattern of development of Kannada literature. Nannaya translated part of the Mahabharata, which was later continued by Tikkana, and finished by Yerraprgada o Vemana wrote ‘sataka’ . The Ramanayan and the great Puranas too were soon transposed into Telugu.
      • Vemana wrote ‘sataka’ is a collection of gnomic verse with sarcastic attacks on the brahmans, on polytheism, idolatry and pilgrimages. The Bhakti was a mass movement, hence the saint poets chose vernacular as its vehicle to which the common people could easily relate to.

     

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