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Ritu tyagi

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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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List the elements that led to the jute industry’s establishment in India. Talk about the difficulties the sector is facing as well.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: factors responsible for location of industry
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: India is the world's biggest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh. Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh. Factors responsible for the location of the jute industry in India: Raw material: These industries are located in close proximRead more

    Answer: India is the world’s biggest producer of jute, followed by Bangladesh. Jute is primarily grown in West Bengal, Odisha, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Andhra Pradesh. Factors responsible for the location of the jute industry in India:

    • Raw material: These industries are located in close proximity to the jute-producing areas. For instance, in West Bengal, the jute mills are located along the banks of the Hugli River.
    • Means of transportation: Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways, roadways, and waterways facilitate the movement of raw materials to the mills.
    • Water requirement: The availability of abundant water facilitates the processing of raw jute. For example, the Hugli River supplies the adequate water for jute mills in West Bengal.
    • Labor: Cheap labor from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha, and Uttar Pradesh make this region attractive for industries.
    • Other factors: A large urban center providing banking, insurance, and port facilities for the export of jute goods, for example, Kolkata.

    Challenges faced by the industry:

    • Fragmentation: The Indian Jute industry is highly fragmented and is dominated by the unorganized sector and small and medium industries.
    • Increasing input costs: Unpredictable market conditions, weather, policies, etc. have resulted in a supply shortage of raw materials and an increase in material costs.
    • Highly competitive export market: In the global market, tariff and non-tariff barriers coupled with a lack of free/preferential trade agreements are posing a major challenge to these Industries.
    • For instance, there is stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, and Thailand.
    • Other issues:
    • Poor access to the latest technology and low automation.
    • Social issues like child labor and personal safety norms.

    It must be noted that the growing global concern for environment-friendly, biodegradable materials, has once again opened the opportunity for jute products. In order to give an impetus to the jute industry, the government has approved that 100% of the food grains and 20% of the sugar shall be mandatorily packed in jute bags.

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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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List the elements that are conducive to the development of tropical cyclones. Furthermore distinguish between temperate and tropical cyclones.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: cyclone
  1. Umang Singh Yadav
    Umang Singh Yadav Expert

    According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization)- "Cyclone is a low pressure system with sustained winds of atleast 34 knots (63 km/h) and a closed circulation pattern." Favourable conditions for the formation of Tropical Cyclones- High Humidity i.e around 60-80%. Vertical Wind Shear should be lRead more

    According to WMO (World Meteorological Organization)- “Cyclone is a low pressure system with sustained winds of atleast 34 knots (63 km/h) and a closed circulation pattern.”

    Favourable conditions for the formation of Tropical Cyclones-

    1. High Humidity i.e around 60-80%.
    2. Vertical Wind Shear should be low (< 10 m/s).
    3. Warm Ocean waters with temperature ≥ 26.5 °C .
    4. Low pressure area.
    5. Convergence of winds with the upper level of divergence.
    6. Presence of Coriolis Force.

    Differences between Tropical and Temperate Cyclones –

    1. Origin – Tropical cyclones form only on seas with temperature more than 26.5 °C in between 10° to 30° N and S of the equator ex-Hurricanes whereas Temperate cyclones can be formed both on land as well as seas in between 35° to 65° N and S of equator ex- European Windstorms .
    2. Shape – Tropical cyclones are elliptical in shape where as Temperate cyclones are in shape of of inverted V .
    3. Lifespan – Tropical cyclones doesn’t last for more than 1 week whereas Temperate cyclones may last for 2 to 3 weeks .
    4. Movement – Tropical cyclones move westward then poleward whereas Temperate cyclones move eastward then northeastward.
    5. Intensity – Tropical cyclones are more intense(Category 1 to 5) as compared to the Temperate cyclones.

     

     

    Understanding these favourable conditions and differences will help us to predict,prepare and track the movements of cyclones by using effective mitigation strategies like – early warning system,storm shelters, evacuation drills,remote sensing etc .

     

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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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What is the theory of continental drift? Talk about the supporting data.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Pari Gumasta
    Pari Gumasta Begginer

    Continental drift theory, given by Alfred Wegner in 1912, suggests that all the continents are formed from a single continental mass 'namely PANGAEA' surrounded by mega ocean 'namely PANTHALASSA'. He argued that around 200 million years ago PANGAEA broke into various continents. Evidences in supportRead more

    • Continental drift theory, given by Alfred Wegner in 1912, suggests that all the continents are formed from a single continental mass ‘namely PANGAEA’ surrounded by mega ocean ‘namely PANTHALASSA’.
    • He argued that around 200 million years ago PANGAEA broke into various continents.

    Evidences in support of the continental drift theory:-

    The Jig-Saw-Fit (matching of continents):-

    The shorelines of South America and Africa facing each other have remarkable and unmistakable match.

    The rocks of same age across the oceans:-

    radiometric dating methods have correlated the rock formation in different continents.

    eg- marine deposits along the coastline of south america and africa are of the Jurassic age.

    Tillite: 

    The glacial tillite found in Gondwana system of sediments has its resemblance to six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.

    Placer Deposits: 

    The placer deposits of gold in the Ghana coast do not have source rock in the region.

    Distribution of Fossils: 

    identical species of plants and animals adapted to living on land or in freshwater are found on either side of the marine barriers.

    END:-

    The Continental Drift Theory had some limitations they are mentioned below:

    • Wegener was unable to clarify why the drift started.
    • the forces described by wegner that propelled the movement of continents were, too weak to move continents.
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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
  • -1

Ferrous minerals: what are they? Describe the iron ore distribution in India in general terms using examples.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: mineral resource
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contain iron in them. Some examples of ferrous minerals include iron, manganese, chromite, etc. which provide a strong base for metallurgical industries. India has sufficiently large reserves as well as production capacity of ferrous mineralsRead more

    Answer: Ferrous minerals are those metallic minerals that contain iron in them. Some examples of ferrous minerals include iron, manganese, chromite, etc. which provide a strong base for metallurgical industries. India has sufficiently large reserves as well as production capacity of ferrous minerals. In fact, India has one of the largest reserves of iron ore in Asia. The types of iron ore found in India are hematite and magnetite which, due to their superior quality, are in high demand in the international markets. Distribution of Iron ore in India Iron ore mines in India occur mostly in close proximity to the coal fields in the northeastern plateau region of the country and almost 95% of total reserves are located in the States of Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goa, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Odisha-Jharkhand Belt:

    • In Odisha, the hill ranges of Sundergarh, Mayurbhanj, and Jhar contain most of the iron ore deposits. The major mines in the state are Gurumahisani, Sulaipet, Badampahar (Mayurbhanj), Kiruburu(Kendujhar), and Bonai(Sundergarh).
    • In Jharkhand, similar hills contain some of the oldest and most important iron ore mines of the country such as Noamundi and Gua, which are located in east and west Singhbhum district.

    Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt:

    • The Jharkhand belt further extends to Durg, Dantewada, and Bailadila in Chattisgarh, and high-quality hematite ore is found in the Bailadila hills of the Bastar district.
    • Dalli and Rajhara in Durg district are the important mines of the Country.
    • Chandrapur lies in the State of Maharashtra.

    Ballari-Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka:

    • It has large reserves of iron ore. Iron ores are found in the Sandur-Hospet area of Ballari district, Baba Budan hills, and Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district and parts of Shivamogga, Chitradurg and Tumakuru districts.

    Maharashtra-Goa belt:

    • This includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, which contain ores of not very high quality but are exploited very efficiently.
    • Chandrapur and Bhandara are other districts with notable iron ore deposits in the State of Maharashtra.

    Other regions:

    • Karimnagar and Warangal districts of Telangana, Kurnool, Cuddapah, and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh, Salem and Nilgiris districts of Tamil Nadu are other iron mining regions.

    Most of these mines are located in regions that are also abundant in coal and manganese deposits, which are important for production of the steel. Consequently, most of India’s steel production capacity is located in these regions.

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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
  • 0

List the ways in which flowing water has influenced the development of landforms. Explain in detail the different depositional characteristics of flowing water as well.(Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: Running water is considered one of the most important geomorphic agents bringing about the degradation of the land surface. There are two components of running water. One is overland flow on the general land surface as a sheet and another is linear flow as streams and rivers in valleys. SignRead more

    Answer: Running water is considered one of the most important geomorphic agents bringing about the degradation of the land surface. There are two components of running water. One is overland flow on the general land surface as a sheet and another is linear flow as streams and rivers in valleys. Significance of running water in the evolution of landforms:

    • Most of the erosional landforms made by running water are associated with vigorous and youthful rivers flowing over steep gradients.
    • With time, stream channels over steep gradients turn gentler due to continued erosion, and as a consequence, lose their velocity, facilitating active deposition.
    • There may be depositional forms associated with streams flowing over steep slopes. But these phenomena will be on a small scale compared to those associated with rivers flowing over medium to gentle slopes.
    • The gentler the river channels in gradient or slope, the greater the deposition. When the stream beds turn gentler due to continued erosion, downward cutting becomes less dominant lateral erosion of banks increases and as a consequence, the hills and valleys are reduced to plains.
    • Overland flow causes sheet erosion. Depending upon irregularities of the land surface, the overland flow may concentrate into narrow to wide paths forming rills, gullies, and ultimately valleys.

    Depositional Features of Running Water

    Feature Characteristics Diagram
    Alluvial Fans Alluvial fans are formed when streams flowing from higher levels break into foot slope plains of low gradient. Normally very coarse load is carried by streams flowing over mountain slopes. This load becomes too heavy for the streams to be carried over gentler gradients and gets dumped and spread as a broad low to high cone-shaped deposit called an alluvial fan.
    Deltas Deltas are like alluvial fans but develop at a different location. The load carried by the rivers is dumped and spread into the sea. If this load is not carried away far into the sea or distributed along the coast, it spreads and accumulates as a low cone. Unlike in alluvial fans, the deposits making up deltas are well very sorted with clear stratification.
    Floodplains, Natural Levees and Point Bars Deposition develops a floodplain just as erosion makes valleys. Floodplain is a major landform of river deposition. Large-sized materials are deposited first when the stream channel breaks into a gentle slope. Thus, normally, fine-sized materials like sand, silt, and clay are carried by relatively slow-moving waters in gentler channels usually found in the plains and deposited over the bed and when the waters spill over the banks during flooding above the bed. Natural levees are found along the banks of large rivers. They are low, linear, and parallel ridges of coarse deposits along the banks of rivers, quite often cut into individual mounds. Point bars are also known as meander bars. They are found on the concave side of meanders of large rivers and are sediments deposited in a linear fashion by flowing waters along the bank.

    The study of running water in the evolution of landforms helps us understand and appreciate the diversity of landforms on the surface of the earth.

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Ritu tyagi
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Ritu tyagiLearner
Asked: June 17, 2024In:
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Distinguish between exogenic and endogenic processes involved in geomorphology. Stress the importance of weathering as well. (Answer in 200 words)

upsc: geomorphology
  1. Tanu Singh
    Tanu Singh Learner

    Answer: The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes. While, diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes, weathering,Read more

    Answer: The endogenic and exogenic forces causing physical stresses and chemical actions on earth materials and bringing about changes in the configuration of the surface of the earth are known as geomorphic processes. While, diastrophism and volcanism are endogenic geomorphic processes, weathering, mass wasting, erosion and deposition are exogenic geomorphic processes. The differences between the two processes are as follows:

    Parameter Endogenic Processes Exogenic Processes
    Location Inside the surface of the Earth. Outside the surface of the Earth.
    Driving Forces The energy emanating from within the earth, mostly by radioactivity, rotational and tidal friction, and primordial heat from the origin of the earth, is the main force behind endogenic geomorphic processes. The exogenic processes derive their energy from the atmosphere determined by the ultimate energy from the sun and also the gradients created by tectonic factors.
    Effects The energy due to geothermal gradients and heat flow from within induces diastrophism and volcanism in the lithosphere. Gravitational force acts upon all earth materials having a sloping surface and tends to produce movement of matter in a downslope direction.
    Nature Constructive forces as they create relief features on the surface of the Earth. Destructive forces result in destruction via weathering, denudation, and erosional processes.
    Examples Earthquakes, Volcanoes, etc. Wind, Rivers, Glaciers, etc.

    Significance of Weathering: Weathering is the action of elements of weather and climate over the earth’s materials. There are a number of processes within weathering that act either individually or together to affect the earth’s materials in order to reduce them to a fragmental state.

    • Weathering processes are responsible for breaking down the rocks into smaller fragments and preparing the way for the formation of not only regolith and soils but also erosion and mass movements.
    • Weathering is an important process in the formation of soils. Biodiversity depends upon vegetation, which in turn, is dependent upon the depth of weathering mantles.
    • Weathering aids mass wasting, erosion, and reduction of relief. Also, changes in landforms are a consequence of erosion.
    • Weathering of rocks and deposits helps in the enrichment and concentrations of certain valuable ores of iron, manganese, aluminum, copper, etc., which are of great importance to the national economy.
    • Weathering processes are conditioned by many complex geological, climatic, topographic and vegetative factors.
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