What is Transparency in Governance?

Definition

Transparency in governance means making decisions and actions open and clear to the public.

Key Points

• Accountability: Officials must explain their actions and decisions.
• Access to Information: Citizens can easily find government data.

Illustrations

• Example of Transparency: Publishing budget reports online so people can see how tax money is spent.
• Public Meetings: Holding community forums where citizens can ask questions and share opinions.

Transparency builds trust between the government and the people, promoting honesty and responsibility.

What is Ethics?

Definition

Ethics is the study of what is right and wrong in human behavior.

Key Points

• Moral Principles: Guidelines that help us decide how to act.

Illustrations

• Example of Honesty: Telling the truth even when it’s difficult.
• Example of Fairness: Treating everyone equally, like sharing resources fairly among friends.

Ethics helps individuals and societies determine how to live and interact with each other.

Change in Attitude by Classical Conditioning

Definition

Classical conditioning is a learning process where a person develops a new attitude through repeated associations.

Example

Scenario: Fear of Dogs

• Initial State: A child feels safe around cats.
• Conditioning Process:
  • A dog barks loudly (unconditioned stimulus), startling the child (unconditioned response).
  • After several encounters, the child starts to associate dogs with fear (conditioned response).

Result

• Changed Attitude: The child now has a negative attitude towards dogs, feeling anxious around them.

This illustrates how repeated experiences can reshape feelings and attitudes through classical conditioning.

Characteristics of an Emotionally Intelligent Person

Key Traits

Emotionally intelligent people have several important characteristics.

Main Characteristics

• Self-Awareness: Understanding their own emotions.
  • Example: Recognizing when they feel stressed and why.
• Empathy: Understanding others’ feelings.
  • Example: Sensing when a friend is upset and offering support.
• Self-Regulation: Managing emotions well.
  • Example: Staying calm during a heated discussion.
• Social Skills: Building strong relationships.
  • Example: Effectively communicating and resolving conflicts.
• Motivation: Driven by personal goals.
  • Example: Persisting through challenges to achieve success.

These traits help individuals navigate life more effectively and maintain healthy relationships.

Attitude as an Ego-Defensive Mechanism

Definition

An attitude acts as a shield, protecting a person’s self-esteem and self-image.

How It Works

• Justifying Behavior: People use attitudes to rationalize actions that might seem negative.

Illustrations

• Example: A student who fails a test might say, “The test was unfair,” to defend their self-esteem.
• Self-Protection: Someone may dislike a group to feel better about their own choices.

Using attitudes in this way helps individuals cope with insecurities and maintain a positive self-view.