TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol) are two fundamental protocols used in computer networking, each with distinct characteristics suited for different types of applications.

TCP is connection-oriented, ensuring reliable communication by establishing a connection between sender and receiver before data exchange. It guarantees delivery of data packets in sequence, performs error-checking, and retransmits lost packets, making it ideal for applications where data integrity and order are critical, such as web browsing, email, and file transfer.

UDP, in contrast, is connectionless and does not guarantee reliable delivery or order of packets. It offers lower overhead and faster transmission since it lacks error-checking and retransmission mechanisms. UDP is preferred for applications where speed and efficiency are prioritized over reliability, such as streaming media, online gaming, and real-time communication.

Key differences include TCP’s reliability through error detection, flow control, and retransmission, whereas UDP offers simplicity, low latency, and is suitable for time-sensitive applications. TCP ensures data arrives intact and in order but may have higher latency, whereas UDP sacrifices reliability for speed and efficiency. Choosing between TCP and UDP depends on the specific requirements of the application in terms of reliability, speed, and overhead.