Homer’s The Iliad is a seminal work of Greek Literature. Set against the backdrop of the Trojan War, the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus is central to the epic – influencing the plot, themes, and narrative trajectory. Conversely, Madeline Miller’s The Song of Achilles is a modern novel, and is cited as a notable piece of contemporary literature. It particularly emphasizes the relationship between the heroes, and retells the myth of Achilles through this lens.
The Iliad approaches the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus with a degree of ambiguity, suggesting a refined and potentially platonic bond. Patroclus is depicted as Achilles’ closest friend and confidant. While there are displays of tenderness, Homer does not explicitly define their relationship. The epic primarily focuses on heroism, valor, and the martial nature of the Greek world, with their personal relationship serving more as ancillary to the war-centric narrative.
The Song of Achilles revisits and interprets the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus with a distinct focus. Miller openly explores their bond with a romantic and sexual dimension, providing detailed portrayals of their intimacy, and vividly describing their emotional connection and sensitivities.
This significant shift in interpretation reveals an evolution of literature, from a society that accentuates heroic ideals to one more invested in emotional complexities and nuanced relationships. Ancient Greek works may have explored relationships with ambiguity due to societal norms, while contemporary literature, with its greater acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, allows for more atypical displays.

Literature is often described as a mirror of society because it reflects the strengths, issues, cultures, and experiences prevalent in contemporary society.

1) Reflecting Societal Contexts
At its very core, literature is a creative extension of the human condition. Narratives, whether fiction or non-fiction, draw many of their setting elements from contemporary society. For instance, a novel set in the conservative alleys of Europe would highlight societal themes such as extreme traditionalism, while one set in rural India may explore discriminatory practices such as untouchability. Through these narratives, literature offers valuable insights into the complexities and nuances of different societies.
2) Human Behavior & Disposition
Literature offers detailed insights into human behavior, a crucial aspect of society. Rich with characters, novels tend to be inherently anthropomorphic. This human-centered approach allows for representation of a wide spectrum of human traits and behaviors, providing an understanding of how society functions both collectively and individually. Social scientists and psychologists frequently analyze literary works to gain a deeper understanding of how human behavior shapes, and is shaped by, society.
3) Social Issues
Literature powerfully conveys injustice, malpractices, and ethical considerations prevalent in society. Authors often embed their works with observations they find personally disturbing. For example, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini addresses the terror-fraught realities of Afghanistan through a wonderfully written narrative. Similarly, the classic To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, presents a profound exploration of racism in American society. Through the lens of storytelling, literature effectively communicates societal issues and inspires change among readers.