Model Answer

Introduction

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, is a significant development project that raises substantial security concerns for India due to its strategic implications and potential military applications.

CPEC Activities Posing Security Challenges for India

Infringement of Territorial Claims

The construction of highways and railways in the disputed Gilgit-Baltistan region directly challenges India’s sovereignty claims over the territory. This development undermines India’s position on the Kashmir issue and raises tensions in the region.

Potential Strategic Encirclement

The development of Gwadar Port near the strategic Strait of Hormuz has escalated fears of military encirclement. This port’s potential military use could threaten India’s maritime interests in the Arabian Sea.

Empowering Adversary’s Economy

CPEC’s energy projects, such as the Sahiwal Coal Power Project and Karot Hydropower Station, could enhance Pakistan’s military capabilities by boosting its economy. A stronger economy translates to improved defense spending, thereby posing a greater threat to India.

Economic Empowerment of Pakistan

CPEC includes significant infrastructure projects, like the $2.5 billion Lahore-Karachi Motorway and the $2.1 billion Karot Hydropower Station, which could uplift Pakistan’s economy. This economic boost may indirectly fortify Pakistan’s military capacity and upset regional power dynamics, particularly concerning India.

Strengthening Pakistan’s Industrial Capacity

The establishment of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), such as the Rashakai Economic Zone, enhances Pakistan’s industrial potential, further complicating India’s security calculus.

Enhancing Chinese Influence

Projects like the Fiber Optic Project establish direct communication links between China and Pakistan, increasing Chinese influence in the region. This development raises concerns about the strategic implications for India.

Potential Military Route

The upgrade of the Karakoram Highway, which connects China and Pakistan, could serve military purposes, allowing for rapid troop movement in case of conflict.

Critical Examination

While the security concerns surrounding CPEC are legitimate, it is essential to recognize that economic corridors can also promote regional integration and development. The strategic implications largely depend on how China and Pakistan utilize the infrastructure created under the project.

Conclusion

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor poses considerable security challenges for India, necessitating proactive diplomacy and strategic planning. India must navigate the geopolitical shifts triggered by such initiatives while safeguarding its security interests and regional stability.

Model Answer

Introduction

The International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) 2012 decision to shift the high-risk piracy area’s longitudinal marking from 65° East to 78° East in the Arabian Sea has significant implications for India’s maritime security.

Impact on India’s Maritime Security

Increased Surveillance Burden

The shift expanded the high-risk area closer to India’s western coast, thereby increasing India’s responsibility for surveillance and anti-piracy operations. This has led to heightened patrolling by the Indian Navy and Coast Guard to monitor and protect vessels operating in these waters.

Threat to Commercial Interests

The redefinition places Indian commercial vessels within the high-risk zone, which raises the risks for India’s shipping industry. This situation could potentially lead to increased insurance premiums for these vessels, affecting the overall cost of maritime trade.

Impact on Fishing Activities

The new high-risk area includes parts of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which could significantly impact the operations of Indian fishing vessels. Safety concerns may deter fishermen from operating in these waters, affecting their livelihoods and food security.

Potential for Increased Cooperation

On a positive note, the shift also presents an opportunity for enhanced international cooperation in tackling maritime piracy. India has already engaged in collaborative efforts with neighboring countries like the Maldives and Seychelles to strengthen maritime security in the region.

Conclusion

The IMO’s decision to shift the piracy high-risk area’s longitudinal marking closer to India significantly increases India’s maritime security responsibilities and commercial vulnerabilities. However, it also provides an impetus for stronger international cooperation in securing the Arabian Sea against piracy.