India’s increase in extreme weather events in recent years can be attributed to several interrelated factors:

Climate Change: Rising global temperatures have intensified the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall during monsoon seasons, resulting in floods and landslides. Additionally, higher temperatures contribute to more intense heatwaves and prolonged droughts.

Urbanization: Rapid and unplanned urbanization has exacerbated the impact of extreme weather. Urban areas with inadequate drainage systems experience severe flooding. The replacement of natural landscapes with impervious surfaces increases runoff and decreases natural water absorption, heightening flood risks.

Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Large-scale deforestation for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure projects disrupts natural ecosystems. This leads to soil erosion, reduced water retention, and increased vulnerability to landslides and floods.

Industrialization and Pollution: Industrial activities contribute to air pollution, which can affect local weather patterns. For instance, pollutants can alter cloud formation and precipitation patterns, potentially leading to irregular rainfall and extreme weather events.

Global Weather Patterns: Phenomena like El Niño and La Niña significantly influence weather patterns in India. El Niño typically results in reduced monsoon rainfall, while La Niña can cause excessive rainfall and flooding.

Glacial Melt: In the Himalayas, rising temperatures accelerate glacial melt, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods and altering river flows, contributing to downstream flooding.

These factors, often interacting, drive the increasing incidence of extreme weather events across India.

India’s increase in extreme weather events in recent years can be attributed to several interrelated factors:

Climate Change: Rising global temperatures have intensified the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Warmer air holds more moisture, leading to heavier rainfall during monsoon seasons, resulting in floods and landslides. Additionally, higher temperatures contribute to more intense heatwaves and prolonged droughts.

Urbanization: Rapid and unplanned urbanization has exacerbated the impact of extreme weather. Urban areas with inadequate drainage systems experience severe flooding. The replacement of natural landscapes with impervious surfaces increases runoff and decreases natural water absorption, heightening flood risks.

Deforestation and Land Use Changes: Large-scale deforestation for agriculture, urban development, and infrastructure projects disrupts natural ecosystems. This leads to soil erosion, reduced water retention, and increased vulnerability to landslides and floods.

Industrialization and Pollution: Industrial activities contribute to air pollution, which can affect local weather patterns. For instance, pollutants can alter cloud formation and precipitation patterns, potentially leading to irregular rainfall and extreme weather events.

Global Weather Patterns: Phenomena like El Niño and La Niña significantly influence weather patterns in India. El Niño typically results in reduced monsoon rainfall, while La Niña can cause excessive rainfall and flooding.

Glacial Melt: In the Himalayas, rising temperatures accelerate glacial melt, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods and altering river flows, contributing to downstream flooding.

These factors, often interacting, drive the increasing incidence of extreme weather events across India.

Landslides in the Western Ghats and the Himalayas differ in various aspects, primarily due to differences in geology, climate, vegetation, and human activities. Here are some key differences:

Geology and Topography

Western Ghats:

• Composed primarily of ancient Precambrian rocks, including granites and gneisses.
• The terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills with steep escarpments.
• Weathering processes in the tropical climate result in deep lateritic soils, which are prone to landslides.

Himalayas:

• Comprised of relatively younger sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
• The topography is highly rugged with sharp peaks and deep valleys.
• Tectonic activity is more prevalent, leading to frequent earthquakes which can trigger landslides.

Climate and Weather Patterns

Western Ghats:

• Receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon season (June to September).
• High-intensity rainfall over short periods often triggers landslides, especially in areas with deforested or disturbed soils.

Himalayas:

• Experiences both summer monsoon rains and winter snowfall.
• Landslides can be triggered by heavy monsoon rains, snowmelt, or glacial movements.
• Permafrost and freeze-thaw cycles also contribute to slope instability.

Vegetation and Land Use

Western Ghats:

• Dense tropical and subtropical forests cover much of the region.
• Deforestation for agriculture, plantations, and development increases landslide risk.
• Well-vegetated slopes tend to be more stable, but disturbances can rapidly change this.

Himalayas:

• Vegetation varies from tropical forests at lower altitudes to alpine meadows and bare rock at higher elevations.
• Deforestation, road construction, and unplanned urbanization contribute to increased landslide risk.
• Steeper slopes with less vegetation are more susceptible to landslides.

Human Activities and Impact

Western Ghats:

• Extensive agriculture, especially on terraced slopes, can destabilize the soil.
• Construction of roads, dams, and other infrastructure often leads to increased landslide incidents.
• Quarrying and mining activities also contribute to slope instability.

Himalayas:

• Rapid urbanization and infrastructure development in fragile mountain areas increase landslide risk.
• Hydroelectric projects, road construction, and unregulated tourism can disturb the natural stability of slopes.
• Overgrazing and deforestation by local communities exacerbate the problem.

Frequency and Magnitude

Western Ghats:

• Landslides are typically smaller in scale but can be frequent during the monsoon season.
• The impact is often localized but can be devastating for local communities.

Himalayas:

• Landslides can be large and catastrophic, often affecting extensive areas.
• The frequency is influenced by both climatic factors and tectonic activity.

Understanding these differences is crucial for developing effective landslide mitigation and management strategies tailored to each region’s unique characteristics.