Chromosomes are divided underneath Metacentric, Submetacentric, Acrocentric and Telocentric on the premise of centromere position. So metacentric have centromeres in the middle, submetacentric are slightly off middle, acrocentric are near one stop, and telocentric on the end. In flies, that is due to massive chromosomes (polytene chromosomes), the result of many rounds of DNA replication without the cellular dividing, which give a whole lot of genetic information.

E-mail is decidedly not a real-time communication system. Emails offer asynchronous communication capabilities that is not available for instant messaging or phone calls where both parties have to be online at the same time. While this may make it a less viable option for urgent exchanges, the delay—from a few minutes to several hours—can lend itself to more in-depth, non-urgent communication.

Molecular markers are specific sequences of DNA used to distinguish and monitor genetic traits or variations in organisms. They play vital roles in creating genetic maps, diagnosing diseases, and developing breeding strategies, allowing researchers to ensure that specific characteristics can be selected before the breeding process and genetic diversity analyzed. Their purpose is to improve agricultural yields, medical diagnoses, and conservation initiatives, as these genetic signatures offer unparalleled detail.