Difference Between Prejudice and Discrimination

• Prejudice: It refers to preconceived opinions or judgments about a person or group, often based on stereotypes, without any real knowledge or experience. Example: Believing someone is lazy based solely on their ethnicity.
• Discrimination: It involves acting on these prejudices by treating people unfairly. Example: Refusing to hire someone because of their gender or race.

Two Important Functions of Attitude

1. Adaptive Function: Attitudes help individuals adjust to their environment. Positive attitudes encourage growth and acceptance, while negative attitudes can restrict opportunities. For example, a person with a positive attitude toward learning adapts better in a new educational setting.
2. Defensive Function: Attitudes protect individuals from anxiety or discomfort. For instance, someone with a negative attitude toward a stressful situation may avoid it, protecting themselves from potential failure or harm.

Opinions About Poverty Line in India

The poverty line in India has been a subject of much debate, primarily due to the varying ways it is calculated. Some argue that the poverty line is set too low to accurately reflect the cost of living in urban and rural areas. According to experts, using income-based measures alone fails to consider the multifaceted nature of poverty, including access to education, healthcare, and sanitation.

• Income-Based Measure: It determines poverty based on income levels, but critics claim it fails to include other important factors, such as social security and quality of life.
• Multi-dimensional Poverty Index: This approach considers factors like education, health, and living standards to measure poverty more accurately.

Is Universal Basic Income (UBI) Appropriate?

The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) is gaining attention as a potential solution for poverty. UBI would provide every citizen with a fixed, unconditional amount of money regularly, aiming to reduce inequality and ensure basic financial security.

• Support for UBI: Proponents argue that it can alleviate poverty and boost consumption by providing financial stability to the poorest, promoting social equality.
• Concerns: Critics believe UBI might not be sustainable in a developing economy like India, as it requires significant government spending and could lead to inflation or disincentivize work.

Ultimately, while UBI has potential, its implementation in India must be carefully designed to avoid economic pitfalls.

National Income Accounting Concepts

National Income Accounting involves the measurement of a nation’s economic activity. Several key concepts are used:

1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

• Measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period.
• Example: If a country produces cars, electronics, and agricultural products, GDP adds up the total market value of all these goods and services.

2. Gross National Product (GNP)

• GDP plus the net income earned from abroad, such as wages, dividends, and interest.
• Example: If a country’s companies earn income from foreign investments, this is included in GNP.

3. Net National Product (NNP)

• GNP minus depreciation (the loss in value of capital goods like machinery over time).
• Example: If machines wear out during production, NNP reflects the net production value after considering this depreciation.

4. Personal Income (PI)

• The total income earned by individuals and households, including wages, interest, and dividends.
• Example: Salaries, interest from savings, and dividends from stocks are all part of PI.

5. Disposable Income (DI)

• The income remaining after taxes, which is available for spending or saving.
• Example: After paying income tax, the remaining income that can be spent on goods and services is disposable income.

Economic Growth vs. Economic Development

Economic Growth:

• Economic growth refers to the increase in a country’s output of goods and services over time, typically measured by GDP (Gross Domestic Product).
• It is quantitative, focusing on how much the economy is producing.
• Example: A 5% increase in GDP over a year.

Economic Development:

• Economic development is a broader concept, involving improvements in living standards, health, education, and income distribution.
• It focuses on quality of life and well-being.
• Example: A country reducing poverty levels and improving healthcare systems.

Human Development Index (HDI) and Economic Development

The qualitative aspect of economic development is captured by the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines three key factors:

• Life Expectancy: A measure of health and longevity.
• Education: Access to knowledge, measured by literacy rates and school enrollment.
• Income: Adjusted for purchasing power, measuring the standard of living.

HDI is a composite index that helps assess the broader well-being of a population, moving beyond just economic output to include social factors. For example, higher HDI scores indicate a higher standard of living and greater human development.