If I were to prepare a code of ethics for civil servants, I would prioritize the following five fundamental values:

1. Integrity: Civil servants must act with honesty and uphold the highest ethical standards. Integrity fosters public trust and ensures that decisions are made transparently, free from corruption or deceit.
2. Impartiality: Civil servants should treat all individuals fairly and without bias, ensuring that decisions are based on merit rather than personal preferences or external influences. This value is crucial for maintaining public confidence in government actions.
3. Accountability: Civil servants must be answerable for their actions and decisions. This includes being transparent about their work and the outcomes of their decisions, allowing for public scrutiny and the ability to correct mistakes when necessary.
4. Respect: Civil servants should treat all individuals with dignity and respect, recognizing the diversity of the community they serve. This includes listening to different viewpoints and valuing the contributions of others, fostering an inclusive environment.
5. Public Service Orientation: The primary duty of civil servants is to serve the public interest. This means prioritizing the needs and welfare of citizens above personal gain and consistently striving to improve the quality of services provided to the community.

By embedding these values into a code of ethics, civil servants can better serve society and enhance the effectiveness and credibility of public administration.

Let the principal amount lent be $PP$P. The annual compound interest rate is 124%, which can be expressed as a multiplier of $1+1.24=2.241\; +\; 1.24\; =\; 2.24$1+1.24=2.24.

The person receives three equal installments of ₹91,854. The timing of the installments is as follows:

1. First installment (at time 0): ₹91,854
2. Second installment (after 1 year): ₹91,854
3. Third installment (after 2 years): ₹91,854

Calculation of Future Value for Each Installment

1. First Installment: Since it is paid immediately, it does not earn any interest.

   $Future Value=91,854\backslash text\{Future\; Value\}\; =\; 91,854$Future Value=91,854

2. Second Installment: This installment is paid after 1 year, so it will earn interest for 1 year.

   $Future Value=91,854\times 2.24=205,181.76\backslash text\{Future\; Value\}\; =\; 91,854\; \backslash times\; 2.24\; =\; 205,181.76$Future Value=91,854×2.24=205,181.76

3. Third Installment: This installment is paid after 2 years, so it will earn interest for 2 years.

   $Future Value=91,854\times (2.24{)}^2=91,854\times 5.0176\approx 460,354.57\backslash text\{Future\; Value\}\; =\; 91,854\; \backslash times\; (2.24)^2\; =\; 91,854\; \backslash times\; 5.0176\; \backslash approx\; 460,354.57$Future Value=91,854×(2.24)2=91,854×5.0176≈460,354.57

Total Amount Received

Now, we sum the future values of all installments:

$Total Amount Received=91,854+205,181.76+460,354.57\approx 757,390.33\backslash text\{Total\; Amount\; Received\}\; =\; 91,854\; +\; 205,181.76\; +\; 460,354.57\; \backslash approx\; 757,390.33$Total Amount Received=91,854+205,181.76+460,354.57≈757,390.33

Calculation of Principal Amount

The total amount received can be equated to the amount owed after 2 years. The formula is:

$P\times (2.24{)}^2=757,390.33P\; \backslash times\; (2.24)^2\; =\; 757,390.33$P×(2.24)2=757,390.33

Calculating $PP$P:

$P\times 5.0176=757,390.33\hspace{0.25em} ⟹\hspace{0.25em} P=\frac{757,390.33}{5.0176}\approx 150,000P\; \backslash times\; 5.0176\; =\; 757,390.33\; \backslash implies\; P\; =\; \backslash frac\{757,390.33\}\{5.0176\}\; \backslash approx\; 150,000$P×5.0176=757,390.33⟹P=5.0176757,390.33​≈150,000

Total Interest Earned

The total interest earned by the person is:

$Interest=Total Amount Received-Principal=757,390.33-150,000\approx 607,390.33\backslash text\{Interest\}\; =\; \backslash text\{Total\; Amount\; Received\}\; –\; \backslash text\{Principal\}\; =\; 757,390.33\; –\; 150,000\; \backslash approx\; 607,390.33$Interest=Total Amount Received−Principal=757,390.33−150,000≈607,390.33

Thus, the amount of interest earned by him is approximately ₹607,390.33.

Let the cost price of both the TV and the mobile phone be $xx$x.

Selling Price of the TV

The TV is sold at a profit of 12%, so its selling price can be expressed as:

$Selling Price (SP) of TV=Cost Price (CP)+12\mathrm{\%} of CP=x+0.12x=1.12x\backslash text\{Selling\; Price\; (SP)\; of\; TV\}\; =\; \backslash text\{Cost\; Price\; (CP)\}\; +\; 12\backslash \%\; \backslash text\{\; of\; CP\}\; =\; x\; +\; 0.12x\; =\; 1.12x$Selling Price (SP) of TV=Cost Price (CP)+12% of CP=x+0.12x=1.12x

Given that the selling price of the TV is ₹20,475, we have:

$1.12x=20,4751.12x\; =\; 20,475$1.12x=20,475

Now, solving for $xx$x:

$x=\frac{20,475}{1.12}=18,275 (Cost Price of TV and Mobile)x\; =\; \backslash frac\{20,475\}\{1.12\}\; =\; 18,275\; \backslash text\{\; (Cost\; Price\; of\; TV\; and\; Mobile)\}$x=1.1220,475​=18,275 (Cost Price of TV and Mobile)

Selling Price of the Mobile Phone

The mobile phone is sold at a loss of ₹1,456, so its selling price is:

$Selling Price (SP) of Mobile=x-1,456\backslash text\{Selling\; Price\; (SP)\; of\; Mobile\}\; =\; x\; –\; 1,456$Selling Price (SP) of Mobile=x−1,456

Substituting the value of $xx$x:

$SP of Mobile=18,275-1,456=16,819\backslash text\{SP\; of\; Mobile\}\; =\; 18,275\; –\; 1,456\; =\; 16,819$SP of Mobile=18,275−1,456=16,819

Total Cost Price and Selling Price

Now, we calculate the total cost price and total selling price:

$Total CP=x+x=2x=2\times 18,275=36,550\backslash text\{Total\; CP\}\; =\; x\; +\; x\; =\; 2x\; =\; 2\; \backslash times\; 18,275\; =\; 36,550$Total CP=x+x=2x=2×18,275=36,550 $Total SP=SP of TV+SP of Mobile=20,475+16,819=37,294\backslash text\{Total\; SP\}\; =\; \backslash text\{SP\; of\; TV\}\; +\; \backslash text\{SP\; of\; Mobile\}\; =\; 20,475\; +\; 16,819\; =\; 37,294$Total SP=SP of TV+SP of Mobile=20,475+16,819=37,294

Total Profit or Loss

Calculating the total profit:

$Total Profit=Total SP-Total CP=37,294-36,550=744\backslash text\{Total\; Profit\}\; =\; \backslash text\{Total\; SP\}\; –\; \backslash text\{Total\; CP\}\; =\; 37,294\; –\; 36,550\; =\; 744$Total Profit=Total SP−Total CP=37,294−36,550=744

Profit Percentage

Finally, calculating the profit percentage:

$Profit Percentage=\left(\frac{744}{36,550}\right)\times 100\approx 2.03\mathrm{\%}\backslash text\{Profit\; Percentage\}\; =\; \backslash left(\; \backslash frac\{744\}\{36,550\}\; \backslash right)\; \backslash times\; 100\; \backslash approx\; 2.03\backslash \%$Profit Percentage=(36,550744​)×100≈2.03%

Thus, the total percentage of profit in this business is approximately 2.03%.

To find out how long it will take A, B, and C to complete the work together, we start by determining their individual work rates:

• A can complete the work in 24 days, so A’s work rate = $\frac{1}{24}\backslash frac\{1\}\{24\}$241​ of the work per day.
• B can complete the work in 36 days, so B’s work rate = $\frac{1}{36}\backslash frac\{1\}\{36\}$361​ of the work per day.
• C can complete the work in 48 days, so C’s work rate = $\frac{1}{48}\backslash frac\{1\}\{48\}$481​ of the work per day.

Now, we find their combined work rate when all three work together:

$Combined work rate=\frac{1}{24}+\frac{1}{36}+\frac{1}{48}\backslash text\{Combined\; work\; rate\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{24\}\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{36\}\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{48\}$Combined work rate=241​+361​+481​

Finding a common denominator (LCM of 24, 36, and 48 is 144):

• A’s work in 144 days = $\frac{6}{144}\backslash frac\{6\}\{144\}$1446​
• B’s work in 144 days = $\frac{4}{144}\backslash frac\{4\}\{144\}$1444​
• C’s work in 144 days = $\frac{3}{144}\backslash frac\{3\}\{144\}$1443​

Thus, the combined work rate is:

$\frac{6+4+3}{144}=\frac{13}{144} of the work per day\backslash frac\{6\; +\; 4\; +\; 3\}\{144\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{13\}\{144\}\; \backslash text\{\; of\; the\; work\; per\; day\}$1446+4+3​=14413​ of the work per day

In the first 4 days, all three work together:

$Work done in 4 days=4\times \frac{13}{144}=\frac{52}{144}=\frac{13}{36}\backslash text\{Work\; done\; in\; 4\; days\}\; =\; 4\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\{13\}\{144\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{52\}\{144\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{13\}\{36\}$Work done in 4 days=4×14413​=14452​=3613​

This leaves:

$Remaining work=1-\frac{13}{36}=\frac{23}{36}\backslash text\{Remaining\; work\}\; =\; 1\; –\; \backslash frac\{13\}\{36\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{23\}\{36\}$Remaining work=1−3613​=3623​

Now, A and B continue working. Let $xx$x be the total days taken to complete the work. A leaves 3 days before the work is done, so they work for $x-3x\; –\; 3$x−3 days. Their combined work rate is:

$\frac{1}{24}+\frac{1}{36}=\frac{3+2}{72}=\frac{5}{72}\backslash frac\{1\}\{24\}\; +\; \backslash frac\{1\}\{36\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{3\; +\; 2\}\{72\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{5\}\{72\}$241​+361​=723+2​=725​

The equation for the remaining work is:

$(x-3)\times \frac{5}{72}=\frac{23}{36}(x\; –\; 3)\; \backslash times\; \backslash frac\{5\}\{72\}\; =\; \backslash frac\{23\}\{36\}$(x−3)×725​=3623​

Multiplying both sides by 72 to clear the fraction:

$5(x-3)=465(x\; –\; 3)\; =\; 46$5(x−3)=46

Solving for $xx$x:

$5x-15=46\hspace{0.25em} ⟹\hspace{0.25em} 5x=61\hspace{0.25em} ⟹\hspace{0.25em} x=\frac{61}{5}=12.2 days5x\; –\; 15\; =\; 46\; \backslash implies\; 5x\; =\; 61\; \backslash implies\; x\; =\; \backslash frac\{61\}\{5\}\; =\; 12.2\; \backslash text\{\; days\}$5x−15=46⟹5x=61⟹x=561​=12.2 days

Thus, the total time taken to complete the work is:

$4+12.2=16.2 days4\; +\; 12.2\; =\; 16.2\; \backslash text\{\; days\}$4+12.2=16.2 days

So, the work will be completed in approximately 16.2 days.

Public debt refers to the total amount of money that a government owes to creditors, which can include domestic and foreign investors. It is typically incurred to finance budget deficits, infrastructure projects, and other public expenditures.

High public debt raises concerns for several reasons. It can lead to higher interest rates, crowding out private investment, and diminishing economic growth. Additionally, when debt levels are excessive, there is a risk of default, which can undermine investor confidence and lead to a fiscal crisis.

In the context of India, public debt has surged, exceeding 90% of GDP in recent years, primarily due to pandemic-related expenditures and social welfare programs. While debt can be a tool for development, India’s high levels necessitate careful management. The government needs to balance growth with fiscal discipline to ensure that debt does not hinder economic progress or lead to inflationary pressures. Sustainable debt management is crucial for maintaining investor trust and ensuring long-term economic stability.