Shift from Politicisation of Caste to Casteization of Politics in India

Indian politics has evolved from politicisation of caste—where political parties used caste identities for votes—to casteization of politics, where caste influences political dynamics deeply.

Politicisation of Caste

• Definition: Caste was used as a tool by parties to gain support.
• Example: Parties formed alliances based on caste for elections.

Casteization of Politics

• Definition: Caste now shapes political agendas and policies.
• Example: Political decisions often cater to specific caste groups, affecting governance and resource allocation.

This shift highlights the significant role caste plays in contemporary politics.

Transition from Co-operative Federalism to Competitive Federalism in India

Indian federalism is shifting from co-operative to competitive federalism, where states actively compete for resources and investment.

Co-operative Federalism

• Definition: Involves collaboration between the Centre and states.
• Example: Central schemes requiring state participation for implementation.

Competitive Federalism

• Definition: States strive to outperform each other to attract business and development.
• Example: States like Gujarat and Tamil Nadu implement unique policies to boost economic growth.

This shift encourages innovation and accountability among states.

Difference Between Judicial Activism and Judicial Overreach

Judicial activism involves judges taking an active role in protecting rights and ensuring justice. For example, a court may intervene to enforce environmental protections.

In contrast, judicial overreach occurs when courts go beyond their authority, interfering with legislative powers. An example is invalidating laws without solid justification, which can undermine the balance of power in government.

Two Advantages of Delegation

Delegation is important in management. Here are two key advantages:

1. Increased Efficiency

• Definition: Delegating tasks allows managers to focus on higher-priority activities.
• Illustration: A manager can delegate routine tasks, freeing time for strategic planning.

2. Skill Development

• Definition: Delegation helps team members learn and grow.
• Illustration: Assigning challenging projects to employees builds their skills and confidence.

These advantages enhance productivity and develop team capabilities.

Two Factors Affecting the Span of Control

The span of control refers to how many employees a manager supervises. Here are two key factors:

1. Complexity of Tasks

• Definition: More complex tasks require closer supervision.
• Illustration: A manager overseeing a research team may have fewer employees due to the specialized work involved.

2. Manager’s Experience

• Definition: Experienced managers can handle more employees effectively.
• Illustration: A seasoned manager might supervise a larger team, while a new manager may need fewer direct reports.

These factors help determine how many people a manager can effectively oversee.