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How did Indian temple architecture change over different historical periods?
Indian temple architecture has undergone significant transformations over the centuries, influenced by various dynasties, religious developments, and regional variations. Here's an overview of the major changes: Early Temples (4th to 6th Century CE) : Rock-Cut Temples: The earliest temples were rockRead more
Indian temple architecture has undergone significant transformations over the centuries, influenced by various dynasties, religious developments, and regional variations. Here’s an overview of the major changes:
Early Temples (4th to 6th Century CE) :
Rock-Cut Temples: The earliest temples were rock-cut, such as the ones at Ajanta and Ellora. These were primarily Buddhist but also included Hindu and Jain caves.
Gupta Period Temples: The Gupta period saw the development of free-standing temples, characterized by simple and elegant structures with flat roofs or low shikharas (spires). “Examples of early Gupta temples include the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh”.
Classical Period (6th to 13th Century CE) :
Dravidian Style (South India): Distinguished by its pyramid-shaped towers (vimanas) and large complexes with gopurams (gateway towers). Examples are the “Brihadeeswarar Temple at Thanjavur and the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai”.
Vesara Style (Deccan): A blend of Nagara and Dravidian styles, seen in Karnataka and parts of Maharashtra.
Medieval Period (13th to 18th Century CE) :
Vijayanagara Architecture: This style flourished in the Deccan and Southern India, marked by elaborate gopurams, pillared halls, and extensive use of granite. The “Virupaksha Temple at Hampi exemplifies this style”.
Late Medieval to Early Modern Period (18th Century Onwards)
Maratha Architecture: Under Maratha rule, temple architecture in regions like Maharashtra saw simpler and less ornate structures. “The Vitthal Temple at Pandharpur” is an example.
Key Architectural Elements :
Shikhara/Vimana: The rising tower over the sanctum.
Mandapa: The pillared hall for assembly.
Gopuram: The ornate entrance gateway, particularly in Dravidian temples.
Garbhagriha: The innermost sanctum housing the deity.
Pradakshina Patha: The circumambulatory path around the sanctum.
Indian temple architecture is a rich tapestry of evolving styles and influences, reflecting the diverse cultural, religious, and historical landscape of the subcontinent. Each period and region contributed uniquely to the development of this architectural heritage.
See less"Action is a catalyst for profound shifts in attitude of an individual." How far do you agree with the statement? Give suitable examples to substantiate your answer.
I strongly agree that action is a catalyst for profound shifts in an individual's attitude. Engaging in new activities or behaviors can significantly alter one's mindset and outlook on life. For instance, consider someone who decides to take up running to improve their health. Initially , they mightRead more
I strongly agree that action is a catalyst for profound shifts in an individual’s attitude. Engaging in new activities or behaviors can significantly alter one’s mindset and outlook on life.
For instance, consider someone who decides to take up running to improve their health. Initially , they might feel reluctant and doubt their abilities. However, as they continue to run and witness their progress, their attitude shifts from self-doubt to confidence and determination. This newfound confidence often spills over into other areas of their life.
Another example is public speaking; someone afraid of speaking in public might take a course and practice consistently, transforming their fear into confidence. These actions not only alter attitudes but also reinforce the belief that change is possible through effort.
Actions has the power to perform to transform attitudes by providing new experiences, challenging limiting beliefs, and building confidence. Here are some more examples to illustrate this:
Therefore, action not only impacts immediate behavior but also instigates deeper, more lasting changes in one’s attitude.
See lessExplain the mechanism behind the onset of the Indian monsoon. Additionally, explain the effect of ENSO on the Indian monsoon.
The process that causes the Indian Mansoon to begin are : Differential Heating: The monsoon season is primarily caused by differential heating between land and sea. Summer Heating: During summer, land surfaces heat up more quickly than oceans, creating a temperature difference. Low-Pressure Area: AsRead more
The process that causes the Indian Mansoon to begin are :
Differential Heating: The monsoon season is primarily caused by differential heating between land and sea.
Summer Heating: During summer, land surfaces heat up more quickly than oceans, creating a temperature difference.
Low-Pressure Area: As land heats up, low-pressure areas form, drawing moist air from oceans towards the land.
Moisture Laden Air: The onshore winds bring moisture-laden air, leading to abundant rainfall over the affected regions.
Monsoon Trough: The shift in wind patterns establishes a monsoon trough, a region of low pressure supporting sustained rainfall.
Seasonal Reversal: The monsoon season exhibits a seasonal reversal of wind direction, impacting various parts of the world.
Importance for Agriculture: The monsoon is crucial for agriculture, providing essential water for crops in affected regions.
ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation)effects the Indian Mansoon :
ENSO, a climate pattern involving temperature fluctuations in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, significantly impacts the Indian monsoon. ENSO has three phases:
1:El Niño
2:La Niña and
3:Neutral
See less