Significant Stages in the Evolution of Public Administration as a Discipline

1. Pre-Scientific Era

• Before the 20th century, public administration was largely informal, relying on traditional practices and personal authority. Rulers made decisions based on their discretion, with little structure or systematic approach.

2. Classical Approach (1900-1930s)

• The early 20th century marked the beginning of public administration as a formal discipline. Scholars like Woodrow Wilson emphasized the importance of a separate field focused on administrative efficiency. This era also saw the establishment of the principles of management by Henri Fayol and Frederick Taylor’s scientific management, promoting efficiency and rational organization.

3. Human Relations Movement (1930s-1950s)

• This period shifted focus from strict management to the human element within organizations. Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne studies highlighted the impact of social relations and employee satisfaction on productivity. This stage acknowledged the importance of motivation and group dynamics in public administration.

4. Systems Approach (1960s-1970s)

• The systems approach treated organizations as complex entities interacting with their environments. This perspective emphasized the need for adaptability and responsiveness to external changes, influencing policies and governance practices.

5. New Public Administration (1970s-Present)

• This contemporary phase emphasizes social equity, citizen participation, and ethical governance. The focus is on democratic values, sustainability, and responsiveness to societal needs. It encourages innovation and collaboration between public and private sectors.

Conclusion
The evolution of public administration reflects changing societal needs and values, moving from traditional authority to a focus on efficiency, human relations, systems thinking, and democratic governance. This development is essential for effective public service and administration today.