A biome is a large geographical area characterised by its climate, soil, plants and animals.
Biomes are naturally occourring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat like forest or tundra.Biomes are determined by climate and geography, and they encompass all living organisms within that area, contributing to Earth’s biodiversity and ecological balance.
Key characteristics of biomes-
1.Climate:The climate particularly the temperature and ptecipitation, is the primary factors that define biome.
2.Vegetation:The types of plant that dominate the biome are a key identifying feature.
3.Animal life-Each biome supports a community of animal species that are adapted to that enviornment.
4.Geographical distribution: Biomes are distributed all over the worldin patterns that refers global cilmatic patterns.

Major biomes of the world-
1.Tropical rain forset-
Location- near to the equator
Temperature- 20-30°C
Rainfall-very heavy rainfall 2000mm or80
inches per year
Vegetaion- dense,multilayered,canopy
with broad leaf evergreen
trees.High biodiversity is
present.
Animal life-rich biodiversity including
large cats,birds,insects and
reptiles.
2.Deserts-
Location-Around 30°latitude north and
south.
Climate-extremely low rainfall.Very hot
days and cold night.
Vegetation-drought-resistant plants such as
cacti, succulents, and shrubs.
Animal Life- Animals adapted to extreme
conditions.

3.Tundra-
Location-Polar regions
Climate- Very cold temperatures, with
long, harsh winters and short, cool
summers.
Low precipitation (100-500 mm or 4-20
inches per year), mostly as snow.
Vegetation – Limited to low-growing
plants like mosses, lichens,
grasses, and small shrubs.
Animal Life- adapted to cold, such as
arctic foxes, polar bears, and
migratory birds.

4.Grassland-
Location-Interior continents (e.g., North American prairies, African savannas,)
Climate- Moderate rainfall (250-750 mm
or 10-30 inches per year).
Temperate or tropical climates,
with hot summers and cold winters in
temperate regions.
Vegetation- Dominated by grasses, with few
trees or shrubs due to fire and
grazing.
Animal Life- Large herbivores (e.g., bison,
elephants) and predators
(e.g., lions)

5.Temperate Forest-
Location-Mid-latitude regions (e.g.,
Eastern North America, Europe,
East Asia)
Climate- Moderate climate with
distinct 4 seasons.Moderate to
high rainfall (750-1500 mm .
Vegetation- Deciduous trees (e.g., oak,
maple) that shed leaves in
winter, or evergreen trees
( e.g., pines) in some regions.
Animal Life- Diverse species, including
deer, bears, small mammals,
and migratory birds.
6.Savanna-
Location- Tropical and subtropical regions
(e.g., East Africa, South America,
Northern Australia)
Climate-Warm temperatures year-round.
Seasonal rainfall, with distinct wet
and dry seasons.
Vegetation- Grasses with scattered trees
and shrubs.
Animal Life- Large herbivores (e.g.,
elephants, zebras) and predators
(e.g., lions, )
8.Freshwater Biomes-
Location- Lakes, rivers, streams, and
wetlands worldwide.
Climate-Varied, depending on location.
Vegetation-Aquatic plants, algae, and
emergent vegetation along
shorelines.
Animal life- Fish, amphibians, birds, and
invertebrates adapted to
aquatic environment.
9.Marine Biomes-
Location-Oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries
worldwide.
Climate-Varied, depending on location;
generally more stable than
terrestrial climates.
Vegetation-Phytoplankton, algae, and sea
grasses in coastal areas.
Animal Life- Marine mammals, fish,
invertebrates, coral, and
seabirds.

Each of the Earth’s major biomes is a complex ecosystem with distinct climates, vegetation, and wildlife, contributing to the planet’s biodiversity and ecological balance. Understanding these biomes helps us appreciate the diversity of life on Earth and the importance of conserving these environments.

Linkers and adaptors  play crucial role in  the construction and manipulation of  recombinant DNA molecules.

Linkers are short , synthetic, double stranded DNA sequences  that containd on or more restriction enzyme recognition site.The major role of linkers are facilitating ligation, adding restriction site, creating  sticky ends. Linkers when added to the blunt ends of the DNA fragments convert them into the sticky ends.

Adaptors are short, double stranded DNA sequences with one sticky end  and blunt end. Unlike linkers, adaptors are pre cut to have  sticky ends that matches the restriction sites of the target vector. The major role  of adaptors is to convert blunt ends into sticky ends, preventing self ligation, and  facilitating ligation.

Both linkers and adaptors are essential tool in molecular cloning , enabling the precise manipulation of DNA sequences for construction  of recombinant DNA molecules.

The upbringing of youth is  critically important as it shapes their development, character and future. Here’s why it matters-

1.Foundation of values and morals: A child’s upbringing plays crucial role  in instilling values such as honesty, respect,how  to treat others.

2.Social skill and realtionship development

3.An upbringing that encourages goal setting and ambition can inspire youth to pursue their dreams.

4 The value of hardwork , discipline  and preseverance  are often learned at home.