The President of India has vested him with very significant veto powers to monitor the legislative process, with checks and balances of governance. “Article 111 of the Indian Constitution states that the President shall signify either that he agrees to the bill or returns it for reconsideration.”.

There are three types of veto powers.

1. Absolute Veto: This will vest absolute power upon the President in order to totally reject a piece of legislation, thus it cannot become a law. Some situations applied here are when a Private Member’s Bill or a new government advises against a bill already passed. Examples of such applications include the PEPSU Appropriation Bill (1954) and the Salary and Pension of MPs (Amendment) Bill (1991).

2. Suspensive Veto: The President may return a non-Money Bill back to Parliament for resubmission. The President shall grant his assent if Parliament resubmits the bill. However, suspensive veto can’t be exercised on Money Bills, and thus government’s financial power remains uninterrupted. 3. Pocket Veto: The President, either by not signing or rejecting it can withhold his assent to the bill indefinitely. One very famous case is the Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill which was effectively stalled using pocket veto.

Veto powers will allow the President to veto hasty or not well-thought-through legislation, thus ensuring fair interaction between the legislative and the executive branches of government.

Indian population growth in the period 1901 -2011 falls into four explicit phases:

1. Stagnation Growth (1901-1921): High birth and death rates held population growth nearly flat.

2. Steady Growth (1921-1951): Health improvement reduced mortality rates, and thus the population grew steadily.

3. Rapid Growth 1951 -1981: The population grew rapidly because death rates declined sharply but birth rates remained quite high.

4. Deceleration Growth 1981-2011: Birth rates declined and reduced growth rate, but population still grew.