The term “annual register” under the Rajasthan Land Revenue Act, 1956 is relatively more elaborative than “record of rights”. In the record of rights, there are details concerning ownership and tenancy but, the annual register includes further updates regarding a change in land revenue besides other relevant land records, thus providing a more comprehensive account.

The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect in England

The IR was a period of transition from an agrarian economy to an industrialized one, which began roughly in the 1760s in England. It is characterized by deep technological, social, and economic changes.

Reasons that sparked the Industrial Revolution in England.

1. Industrial Innovations: Innovation like the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves, the power loom by Edmund Cartwright, and the development of a steam engine by James Watt resulted in mass-produced goods.

2. Agricultural Revolution and Urban Migration: Enclosure Movement made agriculture productive but ejected the small farmer. Most of the ejected headed for the cities where they could take factory work, thus giving a workforce to industrial development.

3. Resources: England was so well-richly blessed with natural resources which were mainly in coal and iron, which were very essential for running machines and laying infrastructures.

4. Industrial products demand: Urbanization pushed domestic demand for goods and overseas colonies provided markets for exports, which encouraged production.

5. Stable Government and Economy: A stable governmental framework will encourage entrepreneurship, respect property rights, innovation, etc.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

1. Industrial capital economy translated industrial economy into more expansion in the scale of the GDP and placed England an exporter of good products to the world’s map.

2. Social Changes: The IR established middle class but threw upon the stage the poor workmen who were very frequently force to live under degraded conditions in towns.

3. Imperialism : The need for raw material and markets intensified imperialistic policies whereby industrialized countries sought to extend their influence. 4. Environmental: Industrialization has caused severe environmental degradations, such as pollution and depletion of natural resources. Overall, the Industrial Revolution began in England based on technological innovation, availability of resources, and socio-economic changes. The impacts of this industrialization would change not only England but many others far across the world toward the industrialization of many other nations.

The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, imposes strict liabilities upon the companies in case of any wrongdoing that might mar the environment. Companies are liable to prevent and control environmental pollution with specific standards on air and water and waste management. A company or its employees indulging in an offending activity can be fined up to INR 1 lakh or imprison the persons concerned with imprisonment for a term not less than five years. Infringements will bloom with stiffer sentences and longer imprisonment times. The government might even shut down its operations or cut off the supply of water or electricity in extreme cases through the rhetoric of corporate environmental responsibility.

The Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 established, among other things, the National Human Rights Commission and State Human Rights Commissions for the protection and promotion of human rights in India. NHRC can investigate violations of human rights, intervene in judicial proceedings, research constitutional protections, and create an awareness campaign about its activities. Custodial violence and discrimination and abuse have been involved in several cases dealt with by the commission. Still, very limited scope for investigation in cases related to defense forces and even limited enforcing powers remain. However, the Act has infused much-needed vigor into human rights supervisions in India and further reforms are needed to make it more effective and independent.