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Evolution of the Indian Judiciary During British Rule and Its Lasting Impact
The Indian Judicial System is one of the oldest legal systems in the world today. It is part of the inheritance India received from the British after more than 200 years of their Colonial rule, and the same is obvious from the many similarities the Indian legal system shares with the English Legal SRead more
The Indian Judicial System is one of the oldest legal systems in the world today. It is part of the inheritance India received from the British after more than 200 years of their Colonial rule, and the same is obvious from the many similarities the Indian legal system shares with the English Legal System. The frame work of the current legal system has been laid down by the Indian Constitution and the judicial system derives its powers from it. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country, the fountain source of law in India. It came into effect on 26 January 1950 and is the world’s longest written constitution. It not only laid the framework of Indian judicial system, but has also laid out the powers, duties, procedures and structure of the various branches of the Government at the Union and State levels. Moreover, it also has defined the fundamental rights & duties of the people and the directive principles which are the duties of the State. India has adopted the feature of a federal system of government, the Constitution has provided for the setting up of a single integrated system of courts to administer both Union and State laws. The Supreme Court is the apex court of India, followed by the various High Courts at the state level which cater to one or more number of states. The High Courts exist with the subordinate courts comprising of the District Courts at the district level and other lower courts. An important feature of the Indian Judicial System is that it’s a ‘common law system’. In a common law system, law is developed by the judges through their decisions, orders, or judgments. These are also referred to as precedents. Unlike the British legal system which is entirely based on the common law system, where it had originated from, the Indian system incorporates the common law system along with the statutory law and the regulatory law.
See lessDefine fermentation.
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism convert carbohdrate, such as starch or a sugerr, into an alochol an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid. YeRead more
Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism convert carbohdrate, such as starch or a sugerr, into an alochol an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.
Yeast and certain bacteria perform ethanol fermentation where pyruvate (from glucose metabolism) is broken into ethanol and carbon dixode. The net chemical equation for the production of ethanol from glucose is:
C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Ethanol fermentation is used in the production of beer, wine, and bread. It’s worth noting that fermentation in the presence of high levels of pectin results in the production of small amounts of methanol, which is toxic when consumed.
The pyruvate molecules from glucose metabolism (glycolysis) may be fermented into lactic acid. Lactic acid fermentation is used to convert lactose into lactic acid in yogurt production. It also occurs in animal muscles when the tissue requires energy at a faster rate than oxygen can be supplied. The next equation for lactic acid production from glucose is:
C6H12O6 (glucose) → 2 CH3CHOHCOOH (lactic acid)
The production of lactic acid from lactose and water may be summarized as:
C12H22O11 (lactose) + H2O (water) → 4 CH3CHOHCOOH (lactic acid)
The process of fermentation may yield hydrogen gas and methane gas.
Methanogenic archaea undergo a disproportionation reaction in which one electron is transferred from a carbonyl of a carboxylic acid group to a methyl group of acetic acid to yield methane and carbon dioxide gas.
Many types of fermentation yield hydrogen gas. The product may be used by the organism to regenerate NAD+ from NADH. Hydrogen gas may be used as a substrate by sulfate reducers and methanogens.
Discuss about the natural plant growth regulators in detail.
Plant growth regulators are the chemical substances that control the aspects of growth and development within the plants completely. They are also known as plant growth hormones or phytohormones. Plant growth hormones are those organic compounds that are either produced naturally within the plants oRead more
Plant growth regulators are the chemical substances that control the aspects of growth and development within the plants completely. They are also known as plant growth hormones or phytohormones.
Plant growth hormones are those organic compounds that are either produced naturally within the plants or are synthesized in laboratories. They control and modify physiological processes like the growth, development and movement of plants.
Plant growth regulators can be broadly classified into two categories namely-
Plant growth promoters
Plant growth inhibitors
Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins are grouped into Plant growth promoters while Abscisic acid and Ethylene are grouped into Plant growth inhibitors. Ethylene can be grouped either into the promoters or into the plant inhibitors.
Types of Plant Growth
Primary and Secondary Growth
The meristematic cells present at the root and shoot apiece segregate mitotically and increase the length of the plant body. This is known as primary growth. Secondary growth is referred to as the increase in the diameter of the plant body by the division of the secondary meristem.
Unlimited Growth
When the plant continually grows from the germination stage to death, it is called unlimited growth.
Limited Growth
In this stage, the plant parts stop growing after acquiring a certain size.
actors affecting Plant Growth
Four major factors affect the growth of plants. They are:
Light
Plants are autotrophs which means they require light for manufacturing their food. Limited light or the absence of it greatly affects the growth of the plant. The intensity of light, quality of light and light duration influence the movement of stomata, chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and various other physiological factors. Light also helps in the process of flowering and fruiting. During winters when the days are short, the growth of the plants is retarded.
Water
We know that plants cannot survive without water and around 90% of the plant body comprises water. Plants become deadly in the absence of water and die. Water present in the soil is absorbed by the plant which absorbs and transports the nutrients along with it to keep it hydrated.
Temperature
Plant growth is greatly influenced by temperatures. High temperature helps speed up transpiration, photosynthesis and germination processes. Low temperature is considered harmful for the plants as it slows down their growth.
Nutrients
Plants need proper nourishment for their growth and development. Soil nutrients are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. Nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur and phosphorus are some of the most important macronutrients that are required by plants. The deficiency of these nutrients in plants makes them prone to several diseases. Even if a single nutrient is lacking, it results in stunted growth of the plant.
Plant Growth Promoters
Auxins
The first phytohormone that was discovered is the Auxin discovered by the biologist Charles Darwin. Auxins play a very important role as a plant hormone. The chief naturally occurring auxin is indole-3 acetic acid – IAA and other related compounds. The term Auxin is derived from the Greek language which means ‘To grow’.
Gibberellins
Gibberellins are an extensive chemical family based on the ent-gibberellin structure. The first gibberellin to be discovered was gibberellic acid. Now there are more than 100 types of gibberellins and are mainly obtained from a variety of organisms from fungi to higher plants.
Cytokinins
Cytokinins are produced in the regions where cell division occurs, mostly in the roots and shoots. They help in the production of new leaves, lateral shoot growth, chloroplasts in leaves etc. They help in overcoming apical dominance and delay the ageing of leaves.
See lessRecently, the Indoor Game "Chess" has been News, why ?
Chess is a board game that has been around for centuries. It involves two players, each with 16 pieces, trying to checkmate the opponent's king. The game requires careful planning, foresight, and strategy. Each type of piece moves in a unique way, and understanding these movements is key to playingRead more
Chess is a board game that has been around for centuries. It involves two players, each with 16 pieces, trying to checkmate the opponent’s king. The game requires careful planning, foresight, and strategy. Each type of piece moves in a unique way, and understanding these movements is key to playing the game well. Chess is not just about moving pieces; it’s about thinking ahead and anticipating the opponent’s moves. Chess is one of many great alternatives to video games. I have been playing chess with grade school children during therapy sessions and have observed the following:
- Chess teaches strategy and this creates thinking about two or three moves in advance instead of focusing only on what the next move of your chess piece will be. This changes the usual concentration of only thinking about what is going to happen in the next five seconds. This instructs children to look beyond the first move and the immediate future. This is an enhancement to their planning skills.
- Chess teaches patience. After a few games, the child learns that making moves without thoroughly looking at the whole board and noticing where important pieces are vulnerable will end up with her losing these important pieces. They will learn that the lack of patience will most likely cause them to end up in checkmate.
- Chess will improve executive functioning. According to National Center for Learning Disabilities, “Executive function is a set of mental processes that helps connect past experience with present action. People use it to perform activities such as planning, organizing, strategizing, paying attention to and remembering details, and managing time and space.” Chess allows children to practice all the facets of executive functioning and provides a motivation (winning) to engage in all these facets. Therefore kids who have difficulty with executive functioning will increase these skills.
- Chess is a healthy distraction from present trauma that children may be experiencing. If her parents are going through a hostile divorce or if she has witnessed extreme violence, concentrating on chess will provide a meaningful respite from the pain that surrounds her life. Chess will teach them that they have a choice of distancing themselves from their agony through healthy means such as chess or unhealthy escapes like drugs and alcohol.
- Chess is a great board game for parents to play with their children. The nuances of the game will improve your connection with your child as you teach him or he teaches you how to play effectively. This is a game when you can share and teach strategies, learn from mistakes and be with each other in a quiet, thoughtful way.
See lessWhat is the true nature of dark matter and dark energy?
The word “dark” in both dark energy and dark matter means unknown. We do not have any firm idea what either of them is. We have a number of discarded hypotheses which they definitely are not, and a number more hypotheses that they might be, but we haven’t proved. We invented both because otherwise oRead more
The word “dark” in both dark energy and dark matter means unknown. We do not have any firm idea what either of them is. We have a number of discarded hypotheses which they definitely are not, and a number more hypotheses that they might be, but we haven’t proved. We invented both because otherwise our sums don’t add up. Which means that why are both essentially failures of modern physics – places at which science has to admit it doesn’t know.
Dark matter is a real substance, whose composition remains unknown that has significant mass to keep galaxies together. Its presence can be observed and mapped. Among other things, it keeps the stars in a rapidly moving, spinning galaxy from flying apart. It also keeps clusters of galaxies moving more or less together. Its presence is inferred from its gravitational effects.
Dark energy is a force normally over, come by the effects of gravity. As the universe expands, space grows thinner at the edges of the Universe. Dark energy begins to push things apart because it can now overcome the effects of gravity. So, rather than the expansion of the universe, remaining constant, or slowing down, it’s actually increasing along the edges.
When we find out their nature, when we have a possible answer to this question, we will give them new names according to their nature. Or we will chuck them out as an embarrassing mistake, like phlogiston and the ether.
Dark energy acts as if (or makes gravity act as if) empty space was repelling everything else. Small stuff can resist that repulsion through strong force, electromagnetic, and gravitational attraction. But things bigger that galaxy clusters don’t have enough attraction to do that, so they’re all carried away from each other.
Our universe seems to have had exactly, or at least almost exactly, the energy density to expand forever, but slower and slower over time. But because of dark energy, that expansion is accelerating faster and faster, ever since dark energy became dominant over matter a few billion years ago.
Dark matter just provides for gravity to work on. The way it’s distributed—roughly spherical blobs around each galaxy, strung out on huge filaments—drives most of the large-scale structure of the universe.
Dark energy is the kinetic energy of galaxies and clusters due to the relativistic speed of expansion, plus the potential energy, measured with respect to a reference point, plus the pressure and volume of the matter bearing part of the universe. This pressure is what makes the universe to accelerate its expansion.
The above means that the premises general relativity is founded on are wrong because it is wrong to extrapolate the way the observable universe expands to the entire universe. Thus the universe is not isotropic and homogeneous, it has a center and a boundary; clusters and galaxies have inertia with respect to space; and there is a point of reference the universe is expanding from, the singularity at the big-bang.
Therefore the universe will expand for ever, it will never collapse, and it will do it at less than the speed of light.At its boundary, gravitation is expanding at the speed of light, it cannot be reached, and time is not ticking.
See lessGive a detailed account of the Indian Space Research Organisation.
ndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India. The organisation is involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the mankind. ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The departmeRead more
ndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India. The organisation is involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the mankind. ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The department executes the Indian Space Programme primarily through various Centres or units within ISRO. ISRO’s headquarters are in Bengaluru.ISRO is a major part of the Department of Space (DOS), which is managed by the Government of India.ISRO’s vision is to use space technology for national development and to explore space and planets.ISRO contributes to science education in India through its lunar and interplanetary missions and other scientific projects.
ISRO was previously the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up by the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. VikramA Sarabhai. ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969 and superseded INCOSPAR with an expanded role to harness space technology. DOS was set up and ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972.
Missions and Achievements
ISRO’s first satellite named Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975.In 1979 the first test of ISRO‘s home-grown orbital rocket was done. It was a satellite launch vehicle-3 (SLV-3).The SLV-3 was successfully launched on 18 July 1980. It carried the Rohini one satellite it was to test components that could be used in space.Only Indian astronaut Rakesh Sharma was an Indian Air Force pilot. In 1984 Rakesh Sharma flew to the Salyut-7, accompanied by 2 Russian cosmonauts.Rakesh Sharma conducted multispectral photography of the northern region of India during his time in orbit.INSAT was launched in 1998. It included a satellite named GSAT.An Indian remote sensing satellite used for resource monitoring and management was also launched in 1988.Chandrayaan-1, orbiter to the moon, was in the year 2008. Chandrayaan is translated as “moon craft” in Sanskrit.The evidence of water molecules present on the moon was discovered by Chandrayaan-1 Orbiter. It was the size of a refrigerator.Five years later, ISRO successfully conducted another mission known as Mangalyaan in 2013. Mangalyaan means “Mars craft” in Sanskrit.In the year 2014, Mangalyaan reached Mars. India was the fourth space agency to have the spacecraft in Martian orbit.The Mars Orbiter Mission was completed at $74 million.ISRO developed three rockets named Polar satellite launch medical PSLV, the Geostationary space launch vehicle GSLV and another version of GSLV being named GSLV Mark III or LVM.Another one of their missions is Chandrayaan-2 in 2019. From an altitude of 62 miles, the lunar orbiter can map the moon. It also contains a lander that will touch the Lunar South Pole and then deploy a small rover for further research on the moon.
See lessGive the names of Lander and Rover of Chandrayaan-3.
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover coRead more
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit.
Lander payloads: Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature; Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site; Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations. A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies.
Rover payloads: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) for deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of landing site.
Chandrayaan-3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), Propulsion module (PM) and a Rover with an objective of developing and demonstrating new technologies required for Inter planetary missions. The Lander will have the capability to soft land at a specified lunar site and deploy the Rover which will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of its mobility. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface. The main function of PM is to carry the LM from launch vehicle injection till final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit and separate the LM from PM. Apart from this, the Propulsion Module also has one scientific payload as a value addition which will be operated post separation of Lander Module. The launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3 is LVM3 M4 which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36500 km.
The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:
Political economy
The reality is that businessmen perceive their own interests that are, many a time, at variance with the legal structure laid down by elected representatives. Powerful business groups make every effort to win over the public policymakers for the protection and promotion of their own business interesRead more
The reality is that businessmen perceive their own interests that are, many a time, at variance with the legal structure laid down by elected representatives. Powerful business groups make every effort to win over the public policymakers for the protection and promotion of their own business interests. If politics wants to control and regulate economic activity with a view to promote public good, business too wants to influence and control the government in every democracy for its own personal advantage. Hence, every modern democracy has engaged itself in evolving mechanisms to keep political decision-makers insulated from the attempts of businessmen to influence the making of public policies.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is seized of the problem of keeping ‘politics at a distance from business’ and, on February 3, the media reported that the ministers have been asked ‘to sever all ties with business in which they have a stake’ . The PM rightly felt that there is a likely conflict of interest if ministers are associated with business and, hence, they are advised to distance themselves from the conduct of any business they might have been interested in before appointment. While the PM set the cat among the pigeons, company affairs minister Salman Khurshid on February 4 suggested a way out and advised the ministers that, like the US President, ‘politicians in power should get trusts to handle their business interests.’ inter-relationship and illicit liaison between politics and business does not end with ministers managing their own businesses or the possibility of inter-penetration of politics and business on the basis of funds provided by businessmen for elections to political parties or individual influential political leaders. Every democratic country including India has laws for the regulation of corporate funding of elections.
Farmers
Promoting plant-based diets as a response to climate crisis has clear implications for producers of animal derived foods, but surprisingly little research considers their perspectives on this. Our exploration focused on farming strongly associated with meat production in Wales, UK. Mindful of polariRead more
Promoting plant-based diets as a response to climate crisis has clear implications for producers of animal derived foods, but surprisingly little research considers their perspectives on this. Our exploration focused on farming strongly associated with meat production in Wales, UK. Mindful of polarised debates around plant-based diets, we considered dietary transition as an opportunity to produce for new markets. The first aim was to identify whether transition towards plant-based diets might trigger transformation of livestock agriculture. Findings indicate a potential trigger event once livestock farmers are certain that consumer trends and climate mitigation require change. Livestock farmers who regard their meat as climate-friendly might resist transitions felt to unfairly disadvantage them. We then considered livestock farmers’ likely capacity to produce plant crops, and how this transformational capacity might be enhanced. Participants highlighted forms of financial and environmental inflexibility, plus social norms regarding “good” Welsh farmers, combining to make transformation risky. Transformational capacity might be enhanced through levering occupational and place attachments by portraying plant crops as a revival of historic practices from traditional farming landscapes. Improved linking capacity will also be beneficial, as producing for new markets requires connections to new supply chains, and learning across divisions within rural communities. We present these preliminary insights to livestock farmers’ attitudes and transformational capacity to inform future research with them to advance just agricultural transitions. Our study indicates potential to avoid confrontational discussion of dietary transition and we hope that others will pursue its focus on opportunities for farmers.
See lessWhat are objectives of National Manufacturing Policy? Critically examine the 'Make in India' and 'Start up India'. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]
Make in India is a Government of India scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 intended to boost the domestic manufacturing sector and also augment investment into the country. This article comprehensively covers details on objectives, schemes & initiatives under it, 25 focus secRead more
Make in India is a Government of India scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 intended to boost the domestic manufacturing sector and also augment investment into the country. This article comprehensively covers details on objectives, schemes & initiatives under it, 25 focus sectors, advantages, challenges, & progress related to the Make in India Scheme.The government wants to revive the lagging manufacturing sector and spur the growth of the economy. The GOI also intends to encourage businesses from abroad into investing in the country and also manufacture here, by improving the country’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’ index. The long-term vision is to gradually develop India into a global manufacturing hub, and also boost employment opportunities in the country.
For the past two decades, India’s growth story seems to have been led by the services sector. This approach paid off in the short-run, and India’s IT and BPO sector saw a huge leap, and India was often dubbed the ‘back office of the world’. However, even though the share of the services sector in the Indian economy rose to 57% in 2013, it contributed to only 28% in the share of employment. So, the manufacturing sector needed to be augmented to boost employment. This is because the services sector currently has low absorption potential considering the demographic dividend in the country.
Another reason to launch the campaign is the poor condition of manufacturing in India. The share of manufacturing in the overall Indian economy is only about 15%. This is way lower than our neighbours in East Asia. There is an overall trade deficit when it comes to goods. The trade surplus in services hardly covers one-fifth of India’s trade deficit in goods. The services sector alone cannot hope to answer this trade deficit. Manufacturing will have to chip in. The government is hoping to encourage businesses, both Indian and foreign to invest in manufacturing in India, which will help this sector and also generate employment in both skilled and unskilled levels.To focus on manufacturing is that no other sector seems to have such a huge multiplier effect on economic growth in a country, according to various studies. The manufacturing sector has larger backward linkages and hence, growth in demand in manufacturing spurs growth in other sectors as well. This generates more jobs, investments, and innovation, and generally leads to a higher standard of living in an economy.
The National Manufacturing Policy (NMP) of India has several objectives aimed at revitalizing the manufacturing sector:
- ncrease Manufacturing Growth: To increase the growth rate of the manufacturing sector to 12-14% over the medium term.
- Job Creation: To create 100 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2022.
- Skill Development: To develop appropriate skill sets among the rural migrant and urban poor for inclusive growth.
- Technological Depth: To increase domestic value addition and technological depth in manufacturing.
- Global Competitiveness: To enhance the global competitiveness of Indian manufacturing through policy support.
- Sustainable Growth: To ensure the sustainability of growth, particularly with regard to the environment.Both ‘Make in India’ and ‘Start up India’ are ambitious programs with the potential to significantly impact India’s economy. While they have made progress, ongoing efforts are needed to address the challenges and ensure that the initiatives lead to sustainable and inclusive growth.
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