Lost your password? Please enter your email address. You will receive a link and will create a new password via email.
Please briefly explain why you feel this question should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this answer should be reported.
Please briefly explain why you feel this user should be reported.
What is the true nature of dark matter and dark energy?
The word “dark” in both dark energy and dark matter means unknown. We do not have any firm idea what either of them is. We have a number of discarded hypotheses which they definitely are not, and a number more hypotheses that they might be, but we haven’t proved. We invented both because otherwise oRead more
The word “dark” in both dark energy and dark matter means unknown. We do not have any firm idea what either of them is. We have a number of discarded hypotheses which they definitely are not, and a number more hypotheses that they might be, but we haven’t proved. We invented both because otherwise our sums don’t add up. Which means that why are both essentially failures of modern physics – places at which science has to admit it doesn’t know.
Dark matter is a real substance, whose composition remains unknown that has significant mass to keep galaxies together. Its presence can be observed and mapped. Among other things, it keeps the stars in a rapidly moving, spinning galaxy from flying apart. It also keeps clusters of galaxies moving more or less together. Its presence is inferred from its gravitational effects.
Dark energy is a force normally over, come by the effects of gravity. As the universe expands, space grows thinner at the edges of the Universe. Dark energy begins to push things apart because it can now overcome the effects of gravity. So, rather than the expansion of the universe, remaining constant, or slowing down, it’s actually increasing along the edges.
When we find out their nature, when we have a possible answer to this question, we will give them new names according to their nature. Or we will chuck them out as an embarrassing mistake, like phlogiston and the ether.
Dark energy acts as if (or makes gravity act as if) empty space was repelling everything else. Small stuff can resist that repulsion through strong force, electromagnetic, and gravitational attraction. But things bigger that galaxy clusters don’t have enough attraction to do that, so they’re all carried away from each other.
Our universe seems to have had exactly, or at least almost exactly, the energy density to expand forever, but slower and slower over time. But because of dark energy, that expansion is accelerating faster and faster, ever since dark energy became dominant over matter a few billion years ago.
Dark matter just provides for gravity to work on. The way it’s distributed—roughly spherical blobs around each galaxy, strung out on huge filaments—drives most of the large-scale structure of the universe.
Dark energy is the kinetic energy of galaxies and clusters due to the relativistic speed of expansion, plus the potential energy, measured with respect to a reference point, plus the pressure and volume of the matter bearing part of the universe. This pressure is what makes the universe to accelerate its expansion.
The above means that the premises general relativity is founded on are wrong because it is wrong to extrapolate the way the observable universe expands to the entire universe. Thus the universe is not isotropic and homogeneous, it has a center and a boundary; clusters and galaxies have inertia with respect to space; and there is a point of reference the universe is expanding from, the singularity at the big-bang.
Therefore the universe will expand for ever, it will never collapse, and it will do it at less than the speed of light.At its boundary, gravitation is expanding at the speed of light, it cannot be reached, and time is not ticking.
See lessGive a detailed account of the Indian Space Research Organisation.
ndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India. The organisation is involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the mankind. ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The departmeRead more
ndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is the space agency of India. The organisation is involved in science, engineering and technology to harvest the benefits of outer space for India and the mankind. ISRO is a major constituent of the Department of Space (DOS), Government of India. The department executes the Indian Space Programme primarily through various Centres or units within ISRO. ISRO’s headquarters are in Bengaluru.ISRO is a major part of the Department of Space (DOS), which is managed by the Government of India.ISRO’s vision is to use space technology for national development and to explore space and planets.ISRO contributes to science education in India through its lunar and interplanetary missions and other scientific projects.
ISRO was previously the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), set up by the Government of India in 1962, as envisioned by Dr. VikramA Sarabhai. ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969 and superseded INCOSPAR with an expanded role to harness space technology. DOS was set up and ISRO was brought under DOS in 1972.
Missions and Achievements
ISRO’s first satellite named Aryabhata was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975.In 1979 the first test of ISRO‘s home-grown orbital rocket was done. It was a satellite launch vehicle-3 (SLV-3).The SLV-3 was successfully launched on 18 July 1980. It carried the Rohini one satellite it was to test components that could be used in space.Only Indian astronaut Rakesh Sharma was an Indian Air Force pilot. In 1984 Rakesh Sharma flew to the Salyut-7, accompanied by 2 Russian cosmonauts.Rakesh Sharma conducted multispectral photography of the northern region of India during his time in orbit.INSAT was launched in 1998. It included a satellite named GSAT.An Indian remote sensing satellite used for resource monitoring and management was also launched in 1988.Chandrayaan-1, orbiter to the moon, was in the year 2008. Chandrayaan is translated as “moon craft” in Sanskrit.The evidence of water molecules present on the moon was discovered by Chandrayaan-1 Orbiter. It was the size of a refrigerator.Five years later, ISRO successfully conducted another mission known as Mangalyaan in 2013. Mangalyaan means “Mars craft” in Sanskrit.In the year 2014, Mangalyaan reached Mars. India was the fourth space agency to have the spacecraft in Martian orbit.The Mars Orbiter Mission was completed at $74 million.ISRO developed three rockets named Polar satellite launch medical PSLV, the Geostationary space launch vehicle GSLV and another version of GSLV being named GSLV Mark III or LVM.Another one of their missions is Chandrayaan-2 in 2019. From an altitude of 62 miles, the lunar orbiter can map the moon. It also contains a lander that will touch the Lunar South Pole and then deploy a small rover for further research on the moon.
See lessGive the names of Lander and Rover of Chandrayaan-3.
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover coRead more
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The propulsion module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar orbit.
Lander payloads: Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) to measure the thermal conductivity and temperature; Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity (ILSA) for measuring the seismicity around the landing site; Langmuir Probe (LP) to estimate the plasma density and its variations. A passive Laser Retroreflector Array from NASA is accommodated for lunar laser ranging studies.
Rover payloads: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS) and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) for deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of landing site.
Chandrayaan-3 consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), Propulsion module (PM) and a Rover with an objective of developing and demonstrating new technologies required for Inter planetary missions. The Lander will have the capability to soft land at a specified lunar site and deploy the Rover which will carry out in-situ chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of its mobility. The Lander and the Rover have scientific payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface. The main function of PM is to carry the LM from launch vehicle injection till final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit and separate the LM from PM. Apart from this, the Propulsion Module also has one scientific payload as a value addition which will be operated post separation of Lander Module. The launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3 is LVM3 M4 which will place the integrated module in an Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36500 km.
The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:
Political economy
The reality is that businessmen perceive their own interests that are, many a time, at variance with the legal structure laid down by elected representatives. Powerful business groups make every effort to win over the public policymakers for the protection and promotion of their own business interesRead more
The reality is that businessmen perceive their own interests that are, many a time, at variance with the legal structure laid down by elected representatives. Powerful business groups make every effort to win over the public policymakers for the protection and promotion of their own business interests. If politics wants to control and regulate economic activity with a view to promote public good, business too wants to influence and control the government in every democracy for its own personal advantage. Hence, every modern democracy has engaged itself in evolving mechanisms to keep political decision-makers insulated from the attempts of businessmen to influence the making of public policies.
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh is seized of the problem of keeping ‘politics at a distance from business’ and, on February 3, the media reported that the ministers have been asked ‘to sever all ties with business in which they have a stake’ . The PM rightly felt that there is a likely conflict of interest if ministers are associated with business and, hence, they are advised to distance themselves from the conduct of any business they might have been interested in before appointment. While the PM set the cat among the pigeons, company affairs minister Salman Khurshid on February 4 suggested a way out and advised the ministers that, like the US President, ‘politicians in power should get trusts to handle their business interests.’ inter-relationship and illicit liaison between politics and business does not end with ministers managing their own businesses or the possibility of inter-penetration of politics and business on the basis of funds provided by businessmen for elections to political parties or individual influential political leaders. Every democratic country including India has laws for the regulation of corporate funding of elections.
Farmers
Promoting plant-based diets as a response to climate crisis has clear implications for producers of animal derived foods, but surprisingly little research considers their perspectives on this. Our exploration focused on farming strongly associated with meat production in Wales, UK. Mindful of polariRead more
Promoting plant-based diets as a response to climate crisis has clear implications for producers of animal derived foods, but surprisingly little research considers their perspectives on this. Our exploration focused on farming strongly associated with meat production in Wales, UK. Mindful of polarised debates around plant-based diets, we considered dietary transition as an opportunity to produce for new markets. The first aim was to identify whether transition towards plant-based diets might trigger transformation of livestock agriculture. Findings indicate a potential trigger event once livestock farmers are certain that consumer trends and climate mitigation require change. Livestock farmers who regard their meat as climate-friendly might resist transitions felt to unfairly disadvantage them. We then considered livestock farmers’ likely capacity to produce plant crops, and how this transformational capacity might be enhanced. Participants highlighted forms of financial and environmental inflexibility, plus social norms regarding “good” Welsh farmers, combining to make transformation risky. Transformational capacity might be enhanced through levering occupational and place attachments by portraying plant crops as a revival of historic practices from traditional farming landscapes. Improved linking capacity will also be beneficial, as producing for new markets requires connections to new supply chains, and learning across divisions within rural communities. We present these preliminary insights to livestock farmers’ attitudes and transformational capacity to inform future research with them to advance just agricultural transitions. Our study indicates potential to avoid confrontational discussion of dietary transition and we hope that others will pursue its focus on opportunities for farmers.
See lessWhat are objectives of National Manufacturing Policy? Critically examine the 'Make in India' and 'Start up India'. (200 Words) [UPPSC 2020]
Make in India is a Government of India scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 intended to boost the domestic manufacturing sector and also augment investment into the country. This article comprehensively covers details on objectives, schemes & initiatives under it, 25 focus secRead more
Make in India is a Government of India scheme launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 intended to boost the domestic manufacturing sector and also augment investment into the country. This article comprehensively covers details on objectives, schemes & initiatives under it, 25 focus sectors, advantages, challenges, & progress related to the Make in India Scheme.The government wants to revive the lagging manufacturing sector and spur the growth of the economy. The GOI also intends to encourage businesses from abroad into investing in the country and also manufacture here, by improving the country’s ‘Ease of Doing Business’ index. The long-term vision is to gradually develop India into a global manufacturing hub, and also boost employment opportunities in the country.
For the past two decades, India’s growth story seems to have been led by the services sector. This approach paid off in the short-run, and India’s IT and BPO sector saw a huge leap, and India was often dubbed the ‘back office of the world’. However, even though the share of the services sector in the Indian economy rose to 57% in 2013, it contributed to only 28% in the share of employment. So, the manufacturing sector needed to be augmented to boost employment. This is because the services sector currently has low absorption potential considering the demographic dividend in the country.
Another reason to launch the campaign is the poor condition of manufacturing in India. The share of manufacturing in the overall Indian economy is only about 15%. This is way lower than our neighbours in East Asia. There is an overall trade deficit when it comes to goods. The trade surplus in services hardly covers one-fifth of India’s trade deficit in goods. The services sector alone cannot hope to answer this trade deficit. Manufacturing will have to chip in. The government is hoping to encourage businesses, both Indian and foreign to invest in manufacturing in India, which will help this sector and also generate employment in both skilled and unskilled levels.To focus on manufacturing is that no other sector seems to have such a huge multiplier effect on economic growth in a country, according to various studies. The manufacturing sector has larger backward linkages and hence, growth in demand in manufacturing spurs growth in other sectors as well. This generates more jobs, investments, and innovation, and generally leads to a higher standard of living in an economy.
The National Manufacturing Policy (NMP) of India has several objectives aimed at revitalizing the manufacturing sector:
- ncrease Manufacturing Growth: To increase the growth rate of the manufacturing sector to 12-14% over the medium term.
- Job Creation: To create 100 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2022.
- Skill Development: To develop appropriate skill sets among the rural migrant and urban poor for inclusive growth.
- Technological Depth: To increase domestic value addition and technological depth in manufacturing.
- Global Competitiveness: To enhance the global competitiveness of Indian manufacturing through policy support.
- Sustainable Growth: To ensure the sustainability of growth, particularly with regard to the environment.Both ‘Make in India’ and ‘Start up India’ are ambitious programs with the potential to significantly impact India’s economy. While they have made progress, ongoing efforts are needed to address the challenges and ensure that the initiatives lead to sustainable and inclusive growth.
See lessWhat is universal religion? Discuss its major elements. (125 Words) [UPPSC 2019]
Universal religion is a concept that refers to a faith system or spiritual philosophy that transcends cultural, ethnic, and geographical boundaries, aspiring to be inclusive and applicable to all people. It seeks to offer spiritual guidance, moral principles, and a sense of community to adherents woRead more
Universal religion is a concept that refers to a faith system or spiritual philosophy that transcends cultural, ethnic, and geographical boundaries, aspiring to be inclusive and applicable to all people. It seeks to offer spiritual guidance, moral principles, and a sense of community to adherents worldwide, emphasizing the universal principles of most religions and accepting others in an inclusive manner.
Belief in a divine power; Nearly all religions believe that there is a divine power that has created this universe and maintains the natural order of the universe. All living and non-living creatures work the wish of the divine power, which we simply call God.
Love and compassion; Nearly all religions emphasized the importance of loving and caring for others and treating others is like treating oneself. Love binds people and others creatures and encourages them to care for others.
Forgiveness; Nearly all religion gives the importance of forgiveness values, as it promotes the healing of relations, and help in moving forward from past mistakes.
Honesty and Integrity; Nearly all religions give importance to honesty and integrity, as it is very important for reliability, building trust, and healthy relationship.
Dedication and services; Every person needs dedication and helping service to others, it helps to build community and promote the common good.
Justice and fairness; Many religions emphasize the importance of justice and fair treatment of individuals to establish social justice in society.
Inner peace; Many religions also emphasize the cultivation of inner peace for greater happiness. Inner peace can be achieved through meditation and prayer.
hese elements are not exclusive to any one tradition but are found in various forms across many different religions. The idea of a universal religion is closely related to the concept of perennial philosophy, which suggests that all world religions share a single, metaphysical truth from which all esoteric and exoteric knowledge and doctrine has grown.
See lessExplain the Integrated Child Protection Scheme.
Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) is a centrally sponsored scheme, implemented by the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development 2009-10. The objective of ICPS is creating a safe and secure environment for children in conflict with law as well as children in need of care and protection. TRead more
Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) is a centrally sponsored scheme, implemented by the Union Ministry of Women and Child Development 2009-10. The objective of ICPS is creating a safe and secure environment for children in conflict with law as well as children in need of care and protection. The scheme is based on the cardinal principles of “protection of child rights” and the “best interest of the child”.CPS would ensure appropriate inter-sectoral response at all levels, enhance capacities at all levels, strengthen child protection at family and community level, create database and knowledge base for child protection services and also strengthen structures and institutionalize essential services.
ICPS Objectives
To institutionalize essential services and strengthen structures for emergency outreach, institutional care, family and community based care, counselling and support services at the national, regional, state and district levels Educate public and raise public awareness regarding child protection schemes, services. Proper Coordination of inter-sectoral response at all levels. Documentation and research will be undertaken. To enhance capacities at all levels of functionaries including administrators and service providers; members of allied systems including local bodies, police, judiciary and other concerned departments of State Governments to undertake responsibilities under the ICPS. To create database and knowledge base for child protection services, including Management Information System and child tracking system in the country for effective implementation and monitoring of child protection services. To strengthen child protection at family and community level. To create and promote preventive measures to protect children from situations of vulnerability, risk and abuse. To raise public awareness, educate public on child rights and protection.
Children in Conflict with Law
mean a child who is alleged to have committed an offence. Children in conflict with law who enter the juvenile justice system through Juvenile Justice Board (JJB), require residential care and protection during pendency of any inquiry are facilitated Observation Homes as per section 47 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act 2015 and the children in conflict with law committed by JJBs who requires long term rehabilitation and protection are sent to Special Homes as per section 48 of Juvenile Justice (Care & Protection of Children) Act 2015.
Children in Need of Care and Protection
:- For care, protection, treatment, development and rehabilitation of the children in need of care and protection, there are 78 Child Care Institutions in Haryana State run by Govt, Semi Govt. and Private Organizations These Homes are spread across the state in all the 21 Districts and in 47 Blocks and covering approximately 4000 children. The children in need of care and Protection are taken care of by Child Welfare Committees (CWC) which is the competent authority to deal with the cases of Children in Need of Care and Protection.
See lessis Music have exactly equal importance for the plant body as human body in the field of growth?
Music is made from a combination of different sounds. Sound is made up of vibration which propagates in a medium in the form of a wave. The frequency of sound wave between 20 to 20,000 Hz is classified under audible range.. If the sound wave is moving through plant cells, the vibration would transfeRead more
Music is made from a combination of different sounds. Sound is made up of vibration which propagates in a medium in the form of a wave. The frequency of sound wave between 20 to 20,000 Hz is classified under audible range.. If the sound wave is moving through plant cells, the vibration would transfer its energy to the particles/molecules in cells and cause its displacement, which can be a reason of the biological effect of the sound vibration.Every organism is exposed to a range of natural sound frequencies and intensities but only a short range is perceived by them. Exposing plants to artificial sound might interfere with the natural frequencies affecting optimal communication within and among different species of the niche, producing adverse effects. A higher intensity sound might supress the perception of lower intensity sound and might interfere with perception of natural sounds such as bee buzz for pollination, insect chewing for eliciting defense response, flowing water for orienting roots.Studies have shown frequency specific responses in different species. Thus, one of the key challenges is to identify specific sound wave treatment for individual plant species for desired outcome such as enhanced yield, biomass, quality, tolerance to pest and adverse environment. Further, the sustenance of response after sound exposure needs critical evaluation. For instance, strawberry plants showed growth promotion upon short sound exposure but longer exposure resulted in inhibition of growth.Different research groups touched upon epigenetic, transcriptional, hormonal and proteome level changes during specific sound treatment. However, multi-omics studies involving coding as well as non-coding regulatory RNA such as miRNA (microRNA), piRNA (piwi-interacting RNA), lncRNA (long non-coding RNA), epigenetic changes need to be conducted, without which holistic understanding of sound wave response is far from complete. Enhanced and time-lapse imaging of cells and subcellular compartments can reveal cellular changes upon sound exposures.Promoters are the DNA elements that are key to determining gene expression. Certain promoters are inducible in nature i.e., they lead to gene expression only upon being stimulated by an inducer. In a study, sound frequencies of 125 and 250 Hz were found to induce expression of two genes fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (ald) and Rubisco small sub-unit (rbcS) genes, which play critical roles in photosynthesis. Collins and Foreman used a specially designed environmental chambers with controlled growth conditions, coaxial speakers, measurements were taken from different positions of plants (impatiens and beans) . Growth was affected when plants were in direct path of sound. They reasoned that there must be a relationship between wavelength of sound and leaf dimension. The compression and rarefaction wave generated by speaker diaphragm movement makes the air on the leaf surface to move and helps the plant to breath more easily only when the wavelength of sound generated coincides with leaf dimension
See lessWhat is the reason behind the low tides and the high tides which occurs in sea level due to the power of moon?
While both the Moon and the Sun influence the ocean tides, the Moon plays the biggest role. Although the Sun's gravitational pull on the Earth is 178 times stronger than the Moon's, the tidal bulges it causes are much smaller. This is because, contrary to common belief, tides are not caused by the gRead more
While both the Moon and the Sun influence the ocean tides, the Moon plays the biggest role. Although the Sun’s gravitational pull on the Earth is 178 times stronger than the Moon’s, the tidal bulges it causes are much smaller.
This is because, contrary to common belief, tides are not caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon or the Sun lifting up the oceans—their gravitational pull is much too weak for that. Rather, tides are created because the strength and direction of the gravitational pull varies depending on where on Earth you are. This variation creates the differential forces or tidal forces that in turn cause tides.
The tidal forces of the Moon are much stronger than the Sun’s because it is so much close to our planet, causing a much greater variation in the gravitational force from one location to another. The Sun’s gravitational force, on the other hand, varies much less because the Sun is so far away.
See less