Federalism :- In Indian Constitution refers to the way power is divided between the central government and the state governments. It’s like having two levels of government that share responsibilities.

Three Federal Feature of Indian constitution :-

1. Distribution of Power:– The Indian Constitution divides responsibilities between the central government and state governments. The central government takes care of big issues like defense and foreign affairs, while states handle local matters like schools and police. For example, during COVID -19 pandemic, the central government set national rules, but states could make their own rules based on what was happening locally.
2. Supremacy of the constitution :- The Constitution is the highest law in India. If there’s a conflict between laws made by the central and state governments, the Constitution decides which one wins. For example, the central government had to take back some controversial farm laws after protests, showing that the Constitution and people’s voices matter.
3. Independent Judiciary :- The judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, acts as a fair judge between the central and state governments. If there’s a disagreement, the court can step in to resolve it. For Example, during the pandemic the Supreme Court made sure both the central and state governments were doing their part to help migrant workers get the support they needed.

These features help keep a balance of power and ensure that both levels of government work together for the people.

Agriculture 4.0 refers to the integration of advanced technologies in farming practices to increase productivity, efficiency, and sustainability. It includes things like data analysis, smart sensors, AI, biotechnology, and even robotics to make farming more efficient and sustainable. The idea is to create a smarter way of farming that helps farmers produce more food while using fewer resources.

In India, Agriculture 4.0 could play a vital role in ensuring food security. Here’s how:-

1. Increased Productivity :- With precision farming, farmers can use the right amount of water and fertilizers leading to better crop yields. This is important as India’s population keeps growing and we need to produce more food.
2. Data- Driven Decisions :- Farmers can get real-time data from drones and sensors, helping them make better choices about when to plant and harvest. This means less waste and more efficient farming which is key for feeding everyone.
3. Sustainability :- Agriculture 4.0 encourages eco-friendly farming methods. This is crucial in India where water scarcity is a big issue. By using less water and chemicals, farmers can keep the land healthy and produce food for the long term.
4. Better Supply Chains :- Technology can help reduce food waste by improving food is transported and stored.
5. Empowering Farmers :- Technology can empower small farmers by giving them access to information and markets. This can help them earn more money and improve their lives, which is essential for food security.

S0, Agriculture 4.0 has the potential to really change the game for farming in India, making it more efficient and capable of meeting the food needs of the future.

Ocean currents are primarily driven by several key factors :-

1. Wind Patterns : The wind drape the sea surface water in the direction of its motion due to frictional drag and this leads to oceanic current generated. For example, In tropical areas the oceanic current moves from east to west under the influence of trade wind whereas in middle latitude areas the oceanic current becomes west to east under the influence of westerlies.
2. Coriolis Force (Rotation of Earth) : The cold sub surface water upwells along the western margin of continent near the tropics due to Coriolis force or rotation of earth. In Northern Hemisphere, currents are deflected to the right, while in the Southern Hemisphere they are deflected to the left.
3.   Density (Temperature and Salinity Differences ) : Density is higher near the poles and lower near the equator. Due to this, Sea surface level remains lower near the equator in comparison to poles. Because of difference in sea surface level the surface oceanic water tends to flow in circulation motion.
4.  Geographical Features : The shape of coastlines , the presence of islands and the  configuration of the ocean floor can alter the flow of currents.
5. Tides: The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun affects ocean tides can also influence the movement of water.

Current of the Atlantic Oceans :

1. Gulf Stream : A warm ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows up the eastern coast of the United States before heading toward Europe.
2.  North Equatorial Current: A warm current that flows westward in the tropics, located north of the equator.
3. South Atlantic Current: A cold current that flows eastward across the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean.

The Ocean Current themselves play a notable role in determining the regional currents, navigation, fishing patterns and oceanic ecosystems.

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) uses monetary policy as a key tool to contain inflation and maintain price stability which is crucial for sustainable economic growth.

RBI primarily uses the following instrument :-

1. Repo Rate :- [At this rate, commercial bank borrows] By increasing Repo, it make borrowing more expansive lead to curb in spending and reduce demand, help in lower inflation.
2. Cash Reserve Ratio :- [Portion of deposit banks must held with RBI] By raising CRR, RBI reduces the funds available for lending, results decreasing in money supply in economy.
3. Open Market Operation [OMO]:- RBI conducts OMO by selling government securities to reduce liquidity. By absorbing excess money from the markets limits the demand and thus reduce inflation.
4. Inflation targeting :- RBI follows inflation targeting framework where it aims to maintain inflation within 4% +_ 2% range. And adjust policy rates accordingly to curb inflation.

Through these tools, RBI influences aggregate demand and control inflation. However, while controlling inflation the RBI must also ensure thus it does not hamper growth and maintaining a balance between inflation control and economic development.