‘सूचना के अधिकार’ (RTI) की भूमिका शासन में पारदर्शिता में

1. पारदर्शिता का संवर्धन: सूचना के अधिकार (RTI) अधिनियम 2005 ने सरकारी कार्यों को खुला और स्पष्ट बनाया है। यह नागरिकों को सरकारी दस्तावेज और प्रणालियों की जानकारी प्राप्त करने का अधिकार देता है। हाल ही में, RTI आवेदन ने COVID-19 राहत पैकेज की वितरण प्रक्रियाओं में गड़बड़ी को उजागर किया।

2. जवाबदेही: RTI के माध्यम से, सरकारी अधिकारियों को अपनी निर्णय प्रक्रिया और कार्यप्रणाली के प्रति जवाबदेह बनाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, मध्यप्रदेश में RTI के तहत शिक्षा विभाग की फंड आवंटन की जानकारी ने सुधार की दिशा में योगदान किया।

3. सार्वजनिक भागीदारी: RTI नागरिकों को सरकारी गतिविधियों में सक्रिय भागीदारी की सुविधा देता है, जिससे सार्वजनिक निगरानी बढ़ती है।

निष्कर्ष: RTI शासन में पारदर्शिता और जवाबदेही को बढ़ावा देता है, जिससे कुशल और ईमानदार सरकारी प्रशासन को सुनिश्चित किया जा सकता है।

Requirement of Government Sanction and Corruption

1. Protective Shield: The need for government sanction to prosecute dishonest officials often acts as a barrier to addressing corruption. This requirement can be exploited to delay or block investigations. For example, in the case of Vijay Mallya, delays in sanctioning prosecution have been criticized for allowing financial misconduct to persist.

2. Bureaucratic Hurdles: Obtaining sanction involves bureaucratic procedures that can be manipulated. Recent instances, such as allegations against former Delhi Chief Secretary Anshu Prakash, highlight how such processes can obstruct timely justice.

3. Accountability Issues: The requirement can undermine accountability, allowing corrupt officials to escape consequences. In the Securities Scam of 1992, delays in sanctioning prosecution affected the speed of legal proceedings.

Conclusion: While the sanction process aims to prevent misuse of authority, it often becomes a protective shield for corruption, delaying justice and undermining accountability.

Role of ‘Right to Information’ (RTI) in Transparency in Governance

1. Enhancing Transparency: Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, empowers citizens to seek information from public authorities, thus promoting transparency in government operations. For instance, the RTI request revealed irregularities in the implementation of the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) in various states.

2. Accountability: RTI holds public officials accountable by making government decisions and fund utilization open to scrutiny. Recent RTI disclosures about COVID-19 relief funds highlighted discrepancies in fund allocation and usage.

3. Public Participation: By enabling citizens to access information, RTI fosters active public participation in governance. For example, RTI applications have been used to track environmental clearance processes for major projects.

Conclusion: RTI plays a crucial role in enhancing transparency, accountability, and public engagement in governance, leading to more effective and open administration.

Positive Effects of Globalization on Women in India:

1. Economic Opportunities: Globalization has opened up various employment opportunities for women in sectors like information technology, outsourcing, and manufacturing. This has led to greater financial independence and improved economic status for many women.
2. Education and Skill Development: Increased access to global markets has spurred investments in education and skill development programs. Women have benefitted from enhanced educational opportunities and vocational training, contributing to their professional growth and empowerment.
3. Social Empowerment: Exposure to global ideas and practices has led to greater awareness of women’s rights and gender equality. Global advocacy for women’s rights has influenced local policies and social norms, fostering a more supportive environment for women’s empowerment.
4. Entrepreneurship: Globalization has facilitated the growth of women entrepreneurs by providing access to international markets, financing, and networking opportunities. Women-led businesses are expanding and contributing to economic development.

Negative Effects of Globalization on Women in India:

1. Labor Exploitation: In certain sectors, globalization has led to labor exploitation, with women often working in low-wage, informal jobs with poor working conditions. This undermines their economic stability and well-being.
2. Cultural Erosion: The influx of global culture can sometimes lead to the erosion of traditional values and practices that support women’s roles and rights, potentially leading to cultural disintegration.
3. Increased Inequality: While some women benefit from globalization, others, especially in rural areas, may face greater inequality as the economic benefits are unevenly distributed. This can exacerbate existing socio-economic disparities.
4. Pressure and Stress: The competitive global economy can place additional pressure on women, especially those balancing professional demands with traditional family responsibilities, leading to increased stress and challenges in work-life balance.

In summary, while globalization has created new opportunities and empowered many women in India, it has also introduced challenges and inequalities that need to be addressed to ensure that its benefits are equitably distributed.

The experience gained from the Government of India Act of 1935 was instrumental in aiding the Constituent Assembly in drafting the Indian Constitution in a relatively short period. The 1935 Act was a significant precursor to India’s Constitution, providing both practical and theoretical insights into governance and administrative structure.

1. Foundation of Federal Structure: The Government of India Act of 1935 introduced a federal structure with a division of powers between the central government and provinces. This experience helped the Constituent Assembly in designing a more detailed and robust federal framework for India, addressing issues related to the distribution of powers between the central and state governments.

2. Legislative Experience: The Act established a federal system with a bicameral legislature, including the Federal Assembly and the Council of States. The members of the Constituent Assembly, many of whom had experience with this legislative setup, could build on this knowledge to create a more effective parliamentary system.

3. Administrative and Judicial Framework: The 1935 Act provided a basis for the administrative and judicial framework of India. It included provisions for the establishment of high courts and the division of powers among different branches of government, which informed the drafting of similar provisions in the Constitution.

4. Lessons from Implementation: The challenges and limitations experienced under the 1935 Act offered practical lessons on governance, which the Constituent Assembly used to address potential issues in the new Constitution. This practical knowledge helped streamline the drafting process.

In summary, the experience with the Government of India Act of 1935 provided the Constituent Assembly with a valuable reference point, facilitating the drafting of the Constitution and enabling it to complete the task in just three years.