1. Integrity:

• Civil servants must act with honesty and transparency in all actions, avoiding corruption.
• Example: Reporting misconduct or unethical practices, regardless of rank.

2. Accountability:

• Civil servants are answerable for their decisions and actions to the public and authorities.
• Example: Explaining decisions made in policy or administration.

3. Impartiality:

• Fairness in serving all citizens without bias or favoritism.
• Example: Ensuring equal treatment for all, regardless of background.

4. Service to the Public:

• Prioritize the well-being and needs of the public.
• Example: Working to improve healthcare, education, and infrastructure.

5. Efficiency:

• Maximize resources to deliver services effectively and in a timely manner.
• Example: Streamlining processes to reduce delays in government services.

Frequency Ranges for Different Communications

(i) Standard Amplitude Modulated (AM) Broadcast

• Frequency Range: 530 kHz to 1700 kHz (or 0.53 to 1.7 MHz)
• Example: Used for radio broadcasts, allowing for long-distance transmission.

(ii) Television AS Wave

• Frequency Range: VHF (30 MHz to 300 MHz) and UHF (300 MHz to 3 GHz)
• Example: VHF is used for channels 2-13, while UHF covers channels 14-83, providing clear video signals.

(iii) Satellite Communication

• Frequency Range: Typically from 1 GHz to 30 GHz
• Example: Includes C-band (4-8 GHz) and Ku-band (12-18 GHz), essential for broadcasting and internet services.

These frequency ranges play crucial roles in modern communication technologies.

Examples of Food Additives and Ores

(i) Artificial Sweeteners

• Example: Aspartame
  • Usage: Commonly found in diet sodas and sugar-free products.
  • Benefit: Provides sweetness without calories, making it popular for weight management.

(ii) Food Preservatives

• Example: Sodium Benzoate
  • Usage: Used in soft drinks and pickles to prevent spoilage.
  • Benefit: Extends shelf life by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi.

(iii) Ores of Zinc

• Example: Sphalerite
  • Usage: The primary ore from which zinc is extracted.
  • Benefit: Zinc is vital for various applications, including batteries and galvanizing steel.

These examples illustrate the importance of artificial sweeteners, food preservatives, and zinc ores in our daily lives.

Eligible Applicants

The following individuals can present an application to the Magistrate under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005:

• Aggrieved Women: Any woman facing domestic violence, including physical, emotional, or economic abuse.
• Relative of the Aggrieved Woman: Family members, like parents or siblings, can apply on her behalf.

Conclusion

This provision ensures that women experiencing domestic violence have avenues for legal protection and support.

Overview

Salmond defines a “right” as a legal entitlement that allows individuals to act in a certain way or to have certain things.

Key Points

• Legal Authority: Rights are recognized by law (e.g., the right to vote).
• Correlative Duties: For every right, there’s a corresponding duty (e.g., the right to free speech imposes a duty on others to respect that right).

Conclusion

In essence, rights establish a framework for how individuals interact within society, ensuring fairness and protection.