Model Answer

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): A Multifaceted Socio-Economic Issue

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is not only a scientific problem but a significant socio-economic challenge that affects healthcare systems, economies, and social structures. It arises when microorganisms evolve to resist the effects of drugs that were previously effective in treating infections.

Impact on Health and Economy

AMR leads to increased mortality. In India, over a million deaths were linked to AMR in 2019, with patients facing higher risks of complications and death due to resistant infections. The economic burden is substantial. The World Bank estimates that AMR could add US$ 1 trillion to healthcare costs by 2050 and cause a loss of US$ 1 trillion to US$ 3.4 trillion in global GDP annually by 2030. Furthermore, AMR contributes to declining labour productivity, with the CDC reporting a loss of $35 billion annually in the U.S. due to AMR-related productivity loss. Poverty and inequality are exacerbated by AMR, with vulnerable populations, such as marginalized communities, disproportionately affected. A World Bank report suggests that AMR could push 24 million people into extreme poverty by 2030.

Scientific and Social Challenges

Developing new antibiotics is scientifically demanding and expensive, with costs exceeding $1 billion. However, the limited economic returns deter pharmaceutical companies from investing in antibiotic research. This results in a shortage of new drugs to combat resistant infections.

Measures to Tackle AMR in India

1. Standardization and Regulation

The Indian government should enforce the accreditation of hospitals and diagnostic labs to ensure standardized healthcare. Additionally, strict enforcement of the Drugs and Cosmetics Rules, 1945, and adherence to standard treatment guidelines will help control AMR.

2. Surveillance and Monitoring

Implementing robust surveillance systems to track AMR strains and regularly analyzing data will help in early detection and effective management of resistant infections.

3. Awareness and Education

Awareness programs targeting healthcare providers and the general public about the dangers of AMR and the need for responsible antibiotic use are crucial.

4. Research and Development

Promoting research into new antibiotics and supporting equitable access to these drugs once developed can ensure long-term solutions to AMR.

AMR, often termed the “Silent Pandemic,” requires urgent attention through comprehensive policy actions, including the One Health approach and adherence to international frameworks like the Chennai Declaration on AMR.

Model Answer

Direct-to-Cell (DtC) is an advanced technology that enables mobile phone connectivity via satellites instead of relying on traditional cell towers. It uses small satellites in low Earth orbit to transmit signals directly to mobile devices, bypassing the need for terrestrial infrastructure like cell towers. This innovation opens up the possibility of global mobile coverage, especially in remote and underserved regions.

Advantages of Direct-to-Cell Technology

1. Ubiquitous Coverage
   DtC technology utilizes a network of satellites to deliver mobile signals directly to users’ phones. This allows it to provide extensive coverage in areas where traditional cellular networks are unavailable, particularly in remote or rural locations.
2. Reliability
   Unlike conventional cell towers, which are susceptible to disruptions caused by natural disasters like cyclones or tsunamis, DtC technology is not affected by ground-level conditions. This makes it more reliable and ensures consistent connectivity.
3. Faster Speed
   DtC technology can offer faster data speeds compared to older satellite communication systems. For example, Starlink users often experience download speeds of up to 220 Mbps, offering a seamless and efficient user experience.
4. Affordability
   Traditionally, satellite-based mobile services have been expensive, but DtC technology promises to provide a more cost-effective alternative, making global connectivity more accessible to a wider range of users.

Possible Applications of Direct-to-Cell Technology

1. Rural Connectivity
   DtC can bridge the digital divide by providing mobile coverage in rural and isolated areas, enabling access to essential services like education, healthcare, and economic opportunities.
2. Disaster Relief
   In the aftermath of natural disasters that damage terrestrial communication infrastructure, DtC ensures that emergency services and communication remain operational, aiding recovery and coordination.
3. Transportation
   DtC can offer continuous connectivity for vehicles, such as planes and ships, ensuring that passengers and crew remain connected even in areas where traditional cellular networks are unavailable.
4. Military Use
   DtC technology can provide secure, low-latency communication channels for military operations in remote or hostile environments, where traditional communication infrastructure is scarce or non-existent.