Reactions to Napoleon’s rule in conquered areas varied widely, reflecting a mix of acceptance, resistance, and ambivalence.

Acceptance and Support

Many locals initially welcomed French rule due to reforms and modernization. Napoleon’s policies often included abolishing feudal privileges, implementing the Napoleonic Code, and establishing efficient administrative systems. These changes appealed to the middle classes and progressive segments of society, who benefited from increased social mobility and legal equality.

Resistance and Hostility

However, not everyone was pleased with French rule. Nationalistic sentiments and loyalty to traditional monarchies fueled resistance. In Spain, the Peninsular War saw widespread guerrilla warfare against French troops, driven by national identity and anger over French-imposed changes. Similarly, in the German states, anti-French sentiments grew, leading to uprisings and resistance movements.

Ambivalence and Adaptation

In many regions, people had mixed feelings. While some appreciated the modernization efforts, others resented heavy taxation, conscription into the French army, and cultural imposition. Local elites who lost power and privilege were particularly discontented.

Overall, local reactions to Napoleon’s conquests were diverse, ranging from enthusiastic support to fierce opposition, influenced by regional contexts and individual experiences.