This is one of the most common questions asked in the exams if you are doing Bachelor’s in British literature. In classic literature, the concept of fate versus free will is often explored through the choices and circumstances of characters. A notable example is William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth,” which examines this philosophical dilemma through its protagonist’s actions and their consequences.

Fate vs. Free Will in “Macbeth”: The Prophecy and Fate: The witches’ prophecy suggests that Macbeth’s rise to power is destined, implying a predetermined path. This introduces the concept of fate, as Macbeth believes his future is foretold and therefore inevitable. The witches represent a force that seems to manipulate Macbeth’s sense of destiny, contributing to the theme of fate. Their predictions spark Macbeth’s ambition, aligning his actions with the idea of an inescapable fate.

Macbeth’s Choices and Free Will: Macbeth’s ascent to the throne is driven by his own ambition and the influence of Lady Macbeth. His decision to murder King Duncan, despite knowing it is morally wrong, reflects his exercise of free will. Macbeth’s actions are not entirely dictated by fate; they are choices he makes in response to his desires and circumstances. The play illustrates that while fate might set the stage, the characters’ choices and moral decisions determine the outcome. Macbeth’s descent into tyranny and madness results from his own decisions, highlighting the tension between destiny and personal responsibility. The play suggests that while certain elements of life may be fated (as represented by the witches’ prophecy), individuals still possess the agency to make choices. Macbeth’s tragic flaw lies in his unchecked ambition and moral corruption, suggesting that while external forces might influence one’s path, personal decisions and ethical considerations are crucial in shaping one’s destiny.

In conclusion, “Macbeth” reflects the complexity of the fate versus free will debate. The interplay between predetermined elements and personal choice underscores the author’s perspective that while fate might set the conditions, individuals are ultimately responsible for their actions and their consequences.

Isolation in literature serves as a powerful tool for character development and thematic exploration, as seen in Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein” and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper.”

In “Frankenstein,” both Victor Frankenstein and his creature experience profound isolation. Victor’s self-imposed isolation, driven by his obsession with creating life, leads to guilt and fear. The creature’s enforced isolation due to societal rejection results in loneliness and a quest for identity, highlighting themes of ambition and the need for empathy.

In contrast, “The Yellow Wallpaper” portrays enforced isolation through the narrator’s confinement by her husband as a treatment for her “nervous condition.” This isolation exacerbates her mental illness, leading to an obsession with the wallpaper and a complete breakdown. The story critiques the patriarchal medical practices of the time and the oppressive gender roles that stifle women’s creativity and autonomy.

Both works use isolation to depict psychological decline and critique societal norms. However, while “Frankenstein” focuses on scientific ambition and societal rejection, “The Yellow Wallpaper” specifically addresses gender oppression and the impact of enforced solitude on women’s mental health. Through isolation, both stories reveal deep insights into the human condition and societal flaws.