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Firoj dud

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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Firoj dud
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Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Make a distinction between direct and indirect farm subsidies and explain the advantages and disadvantages of each.

upsc: farm subsidies & food security
  1. Rubi Gautam
    Rubi Gautam Begginer

    Farm subsidies are a governmental subsidy paid to the farmers to supplement their incomes and enhance their farm productivity. In India, the overall farm subsidies amount to 2-2.25% of GDP. Further, agricultural subsidies can be categorized into direct and indirect farm subsidies. Direct Farm subsidRead more

    Farm subsidies are a governmental subsidy paid to the farmers to supplement their incomes and enhance their farm productivity. In India, the overall farm subsidies amount to 2-2.25% of GDP. Further, agricultural subsidies can be categorized into direct and indirect farm subsidies.

    • Direct Farm subsidy: It involves rendering cash to the recipient farmers. It is provided in the form of MSP base procurement, direct cash transfer etc.
    • Indirect Farm subsidy: It is an indirect way of supporting farmers, which includes cheap credit facilities, farm loan waivers, reduction in irrigation and electricity bills, investment in agricultural research, farmer training etc.

    While the agricultural sector in India is highly dependent on these subsidies, both these types of subsidies have their own merits and demerits.

    Merits of direct farm subsidy

    • Increased productivity: It increases the purchasing capacity and choices for the farmers. The farmers can take decisions on the type of crops to be grown according to the local conditions and profitability.
    • Better targeted: Use of JAM Trinity and DBT has ensured that there are less pilferages and leakages. The funds are directly transferred to the accounts of the beneficiaries.
    • Counters inflation: According to RBI, direct transfer will improve efficiency in expenditure, reduces fiscal deficit and thereby helps keep inflation under control.
    • Behavioural changes: DBT incentivises the farmers to make judicious use of fertilizers and water.

    Demerits of direct farm subsidy

    • Diversion of funds: It is highly likely that funds might be digressed to non-agricultural and non-productive uses like purchase of alcohol.
    • Exclusion: Owing to the inefficiency in the land administration system, many rightful beneficiaries may not get the benefits. Tenancy farmers: Direct transfers, if linked to land ownership, offers no support to tenant farmers.
    • Exposure to market risks: Direct transfers, in the absence of indirect subsidies, exposes the farmers to volatility of the market mechanisms. They might have to buy seeds and fertilizers at a much higher rate due to inflation in the market.

    Merit of Indirect Farm subsidy

    • Favourable to small and marginal farmers: These farmers cannot buy farm inputs at the market rates. Therefore, indirect subsidy helps in maintaining sustained flow of inputs like fertilizers, water supply, electricity, hybrid seeds at reasonable prices.
    • Creation of better human resources: Indirect subsidy in the form of training support and technological assistance helps in enhancing the farmers’ knowledge, and thereby, improves farm productivity and income.

    Demerits of indirect farm subsidy

    • Affects cropping pattern: It distorts the cropping pattern as farmers are incentivized to dedicate more resources to subsidized crops (wheat, rice, sugarcane etc.) leading to less production and higher prices for other items like fruits, vegetables etc.
    • Unsustainable use of resources: It leads to overutilization of fertilizers and power subsidies that causes land degradation due to increased salinity and reduced fertility of the soil. Also, it diminishes ground water resources in regions where high subsidy is accorded to the crops like sugarcane and rice.
    • Mistargeting: Indirect subsidies are not successful in reaching the target beneficiaries because of several lacunas in identification, corruption, lobbying by rich farmers etc.

    Even though India’s agriculture sector is largely dependent on subsidies for sustainability, the government must look to rationalize the subsidies in a manner that it should not distort resource allocation and lead to over utilization of resources.

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Firoj dud
  • 1
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Describe the reasons behind India’s need to encourage energy efficiency. Mention a few of the actions the government has taken to address this.

upsc: energy
  1. Sunita Soni
    Sunita Soni Begginer

    Energy efficiency essentially means using a lesser amount of energy while producing a given amount of output. For example, incandescent lights used to transform only a maximum up to 10% of electrical energy to useful light, whereas LED light converts at least 25% of the energy input into visible ligRead more

    Energy efficiency essentially means using a lesser amount of energy while producing a given amount of output. For example, incandescent lights used to transform only a maximum up to 10% of electrical energy to useful light, whereas LED light converts at least 25% of the energy input into visible light energy.

    Need for promoting energy efficiency in India

    • High demand for energy: A growing population and rising aspirations of a growing middle class is driving the demand for energy resources in India. One unit of energy saved at the consumption level reduces the need for fresh capacity creation by 2 times to 2.5 times.Therefore, energy efficiency plays a crucial role in ensuring energy access.
    • Energy Security: India meets its energy demands majorly from oil and coal; 80% of which is imported. This necessitates saving energy for reducing import dependence that increases the vulnerability of the country’s economy to global geopolitical and economic risks.
    • Cost considerations: High costs of electricity hinders the competitiveness of basic Indian industries in the global market. Energy efficiency measures are therefore not only important to save money on electricity bills but also improve ease of doing business.
    • Environmental pollution: A focus on energy efficiency is also necessary to reduce the heavy pollution- especially air pollution- caused by the industry and transport sector.
    • Combating climate change: Energy efficiency is central to achieve India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets to lower the emissions intensity of GDP by 33-35 per cent by 2030 from 2005 levels.

    India had realised the importance of energy rationing long back, evident from the launch of the Energy Conservation Act in 2001. Overall, various energy efficiency measures have translated into savings worth INR 89,000 crores (approximately) in 2018-19 and contributed in reducing 151.74 Million Tonnes of CO2 emission in India. This has been made possible due to various government efforts such as:

    • National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE) under NAPCC: It aims to strengthen the market for energy efficiency by creating a conducive regulatory regime and fostering innovative business models. It includes market based mechanisms like Perform Achieve and Trade scheme, Energy Efficiency Financing Platform for raising finance etc.
    • Promotion of Electric Vehicles National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP): The government has launched the scheme namely Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles (FAME India) under NEMMP 2020 in the Union Budget for 2015-16.
    • Capacity Building of DISCOMS: Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana was launched in 2015 with the objective of capacity building of DISCOMs and promoting energy conservation programme.
    • Promotion of Energy Efficient LED Bulbs – UJALA scheme: It aims to promote efficient use of energy at the residential level, enhance the awareness of consumers about the efficacy of using energy efficient appliances.
    • Standards and Labeling: The Bureau of Energy Efficiency initiated the Standards and Labeling programme for equipment and appliances in 2006 to provide the consumer an informed choice about the energy savings.

    By urgently and fully adopting an energy energy effici efficient lifestyle, India can build a positive momentum towards transformation of the energy system that will achieve the common climate change and sustainable development goals.

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Firoj dud
  • 1
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Why is infrastructure regarded as a crucial factor in determining a country’s economic development? Talk about the problems India faces financing infrastructure.

upsc: infrastructure
  1. Rajesh Meena
    Rajesh Meena Begginer

    Infrastructure is the support system on which the efficient working of a modern industrial economy depends. It not only increases the productivity of the factors of production, but also improves the quality of life of its people. Furthermore, it provides supporting services not only for industrial aRead more

    Infrastructure is the support system on which the efficient working of a modern industrial economy depends. It not only increases the productivity of the factors of production, but also improves the quality of life of its people. Furthermore, it provides supporting services not only for industrial and agricultural production, but also for domestic and foreign trade and commerce.

    Infrastructure contributes both directly and indirectly to a number of determinants of economic development such as

    • Investment: It opens up possibilities of investment by making available a number of necessary inputs and services, opening up the size of the market as well as increasing the supply elasticity and efficiency of factors of production.
    • Employment generation: Infrastructure creation plays a significant role in the generation of employment opportunities. Furthermore, it also improves mobility, productivity and efficiency of labour.
    • Trade & commerce: Infrastructure facilities play a vital role in the development of trade and commerce. In fact they act as a platform for the expansion of trade and other commercial activities at a rapid speed.

    The World Bank suggests that a 1% increase in investment in the stock of infrastructure leads to a corresponding 1% increase in the Gross Domestic Product of a nation. To achieve its cherished dream of becoming a 5 trillion dollar economy by 2024-25, India needs to spend about USD 1.4 trillion on infrastructure. Although India has scaled up investment in the infrastructure sector since the tenth five year plan, there remains a serious gap between the present commitments and requirements of our growing economy. This is because of the following reasons:

    • Dependence on Government Spending: Traditionally, infrastructure financing in India has been dominated by the public sector. But the Government funds have competing demands such as, education, health, social security, among others.
    • Subdued private investments: Private sector investment is subdued owing to the weak balance sheets in the sector, market volatility, and lack of proper contract formulation capabilities in PPP etc.
    • Inadequate commercial bank funding: It is due to a growing concentration of risks/stressed assets in banks in terms of sector exposure and asset-liability maturity mismatch. Further, banks lack the capacity to perform independent credit appraisal of such large projects.
    • Lack of a vibrant corporate bond market: An active corporate bond market can facilitate long-term funding for the infrastructure sector unlike the banking sector.
    • Aggressive Bidding: Several infrastructure players made aggressive but commercially unviable bids on projects based on speculative assumptions. This reduced their returns and resultantly dampened investment climate in this sector.
    • Policy and Regulation: Infrastructure projects being long term are more susceptible to uncertainty related to Policy and Regulatory framework which increases the perceived risk.
    • Insufficiency of User Charges: A large part of the infrastructure sector in India (especially irrigation, water supply, urban sanitation, and state road transport) is not amenable to commercialization, affecting the financial viability of the projects.

    Considering the limited fiscal space and the substantial scale of investments required in financing infrastructure, the government needs to remove its bottlenecks at the earliest. In this context, revival of PPP projects as per Vijay Kelkar Committee recommendations, recapitalization of banks to strengthen their balance sheets, developing multidisciplinary expert institutional mechanisms to resolve legacy issues etc. become pertinent to reinvigorate the sector.

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Firoj dud
  • 1
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: July 24, 2024In:
  • 1

Unemployment: What is it? Draw attention to the different kinds of unemployment that occur in developing nations like India.

upsc: employment & skill development
  1. Sangeeta rathor
    Sangeeta rathor Begginer

    Unemployment is defined as a situation in which a mentally and physically capable person of working age is willing to work at the existing wage rate, but does not get a job to work. Unemployment is expressed by the following formula: Unemployment rate = (Unemployed workers/Total Labour Force) X 100Read more

    Unemployment is defined as a situation in which a mentally and physically capable person of working age is willing to work at the existing wage rate, but does not get a job to work. Unemployment is expressed by the following formula:

    Unemployment rate = (Unemployed workers/Total Labour Force) X 100

    In India, the unemployment rate is measured by the National Sample Survey Organisation on three approaches- daily status approach, weekly status approach and usual status approach.

    Types of unemployment existing in a developing country like India

    • Open unemployment: It is a situation where a large section of the labour force does not get a job that may provide them with regular income. When the labour force expands at a faster rate than the growth rate of the economy, open unemployment occurs.
    • Disguised Unemployment: It is a situation in which more people are doing a work than actually required. Even if some are withdrawn, production does not suffer. It happens due to rapid growth of population and lack of alternative job opportunities e.g. overcrowding in agriculture.
    • Seasonal Unemployment: Such unemployment occurs during certain seasons in industries and occupations such as agriculture, tourism, ice factories, etc. People remain unemployed in off- seasons.
    • Cyclical unemployment: It results directly from cycles of economic upturn and downturn. Unemployment typically rises during recessions and declines during economic expansions.
    • Voluntary Unemployment: When people choose not to work. It happens when people are not able to find employment that matches their expectations.
    • Structural Unemployment: It occurs when the skills, experience, and education of workers do not match the demand of the industry due to technological changes etc.
    • Frictional Unemployment: It refers to the period between job transitions. People are regarded as unemployed while they are attempting to find a new job.
    • Casual unemployment: When a person is employed on a day-to-day basis (unorganised sector), unemployment may take place due to short term-contracts, shortage of raw materials, fall in demand, change of ownership, etc.

    Other than these major types of unemployment existing in India, underemployment is also rampant. Here people are either employed on a part-time basis or undertake a job where lesser qualification is required e.g. post graduates applying for posts of peon. The faulty education system also adds to the unemployment by creating a mismatch between skills imparted and those required by the industries. For e.g. a large number of engineering graduates in India remain unemployed due to this.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

Despite numerous attempts to stop it, the international community still faces significant challenges as a result of terrorism financing. Discuss. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: organized crime with terrorism
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    Terrorism financing involves the solicitation, collection or provision of funds with the intention that they may be used to support terrorist acts or organizations. Funds may stem from both legal and illicit sources. The primary goal is to sustain the activities of the terrorist organizations in theRead more

    Terrorism financing involves the solicitation, collection or provision of funds with the intention that they may be used to support terrorist acts or organizations. Funds may stem from both legal and illicit sources. The primary goal is to sustain the activities of the terrorist organizations in the longer run.
    Steps taken to curb terrorist financing include:

    • Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC): The UNSC requires all its member states to take a number of steps to combat terrorist financing, such as freezing the assets of terrorist organizations and individuals, and preventing terrorists from accessing the financial system through its resolution.
    • The Financial Action Task Force (FATF): The FATF is an intergovernmental organization that sets international standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing.
    • The Egmont Group: The Egmont Group is an international network of financial intelligence units (FIUs) from around the world to enable sharing of information and cooperate on investigations. FIUs are responsible for collecting and analysing information about suspicious financial activities.
    • The United Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism: This Convention was adopted in 1999 and entered into force in 2002. It requires countries to criminalize terrorist financing and to cooperate with each other in investigating and prosecuting terrorist financing cases.

    Despite these measures, terrorism continues to receive funding. Terrorism financing continues to be a major challenge due to the following reasons:

    • Poor compliance: The FATF recommendations are not enforceable and rely on voluntary compliance, monitoring and implementation by countries around the world, leading to poor compliance.
    • Multiplicity of sources: Terrorists and their supporters use ‘hawala’, cash and trade as options. The multiplicity of transit routes allows the path of least resistance to be exploited.
    • Further, many developing countries are heavily cash-based economies with no paper trail making enforcement of any regulation around monetary flows virtually impossible.
    • Quick adoption of new technology: New developments in technology and financial instruments have brought in its wake various challenges, such as multiple forms of virtual currencies, no central financial authority, anonymity, etc. For instance, it has now moved into the domain of cryptocurrency.
    • Donations route: Money collection initiatives like crowdfunding through social media allow for collections, which may not necessarily come with adequate regulation and scrutiny. This can be exploited for collection of funds both from unsuspecting donors, and others who may be sympathetic to the cause of individuals, groups or ideologies associated with terrorism.
      • Also, terrorist groups employ religion as a tool for exploiting people by collecting funds in the guise of donations. For instance, groups like the Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan.
    • Lone-wolf attacks: The cost of perpetrating terrorist attacks are decreasing as terrorist tactics are changing, with groups increasingly relying on self-funded individuals to carry out attacks.

    Countries need to assess terrorism financing not just on a periodic basis but also to ensure that as circumstances change, their policy resources are aligned to tackle new and emerging terror financing risks. In this context, India hosted three major international meetings and conferences related to countering terrorism and terrorism finance in 2022.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

What is meant by the term “digital twin technology”? What are the advantages and difficulties in implementing it? (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: developing new technology
  1. Bhaskar Bisht
    Bhaskar Bisht Begginer
    What do you understand by digital twin technology? What are the benefits and challenges in its adoption?

    Twin technology, also known as digital twins, refers to the creation of a virtual replica or simulation of a physical object, system, or process. This technology allows for real-time monitoring, analysis, and prediction of the behavior of the physical twin, enabling improved decision-making, optimizRead more

    Twin technology, also known as digital twins, refers to the creation of a virtual replica or simulation of a physical object, system, or process. This technology allows for real-time monitoring, analysis, and prediction of the behavior of the physical twin, enabling improved decision-making, optimization, and innovation.

    Benefits of Digital Twin Technology:
    Enhanced Performance Monitoring :
    1.Real-time data insight
    2.Improved decision-making

    Predictive Maintenance:

    1.Anticipate failures before they occur
    2.Reduce downtime and maintenance costs

    Cost Efficiency:

    1.Optimize resource usage
    2.Lower operational costs

    Improved Product Development:

    1.Simulate scenarios and design iterations
    2.Accelerate time-to-market

    Better Customer Experience

    1.Tailored solutions based on data insights
    2.Increased satisfaction and engagement

    Challenges in Adoption:

    1.High Initial Investment

    2.Data Security Concerns

    3.Data Management

    Conclusion: The potential of digital twin technology in transforming industries while highlighting the need for addressing challenges to fully realize its benefits.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

How does India’s struggle to end hunger and malnutrition get worse as a result of climate change? Talk about it in light of India’s 2030 goal to end all hunger. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: climate change
  1. Sri bindhu Tera
    Sri bindhu Tera Begginer
    How does climate change exacerbate the challenges that India faces in eliminating hunger and malnutrition? Discuss in the context of India's commitment to achieve zero hunger by 2030.

    Climate Change and India's Journey to Zero Hunger by 2030

    Climate Change and India’s Journey to Zero Hunger by 2030

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

What does India’s modernization of land records mean? Describe the National Generic Document Registration System’s (NGDRS) features in this context. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: land reforms
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records,Read more

    In recent years, India has taken proactive steps to modernize land records under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), 2008 to create an integrated land management system. The purpose and rationale behind land modernization is to usher in a system of updated land records, automated and automatic mutation, integration between textual and spatial records, inter-connectivity between revenue and registration, to replace the present deeds registration and presumptive title system with that of conclusive titling with title guarantee.
    Significance of land record modernization in India

    • Better credit delivery in rural areas: Creation of vast bankable assets across rural India can help in credit growth, especially in agriculture and MSME sectors.
    • Reduced litigation: Enhanced transparency in the land records maintenance system will minimize the scope of land disputes.
    • Infrastructure: Facilitates development of new infrastructure by easing the process of land acquisition and rehabilitation and settlement of compensation claims.
    • Revenue Generation: Enhanced local revenues through improved property tax billing and collection of stamp duty.
    • Enhanced efficiency of policy making: Digitization will help improve policy makers to make informed decisions regarding land value assessment, land use planning, environmental protection and resource management.
    • Check on fraudulent transactions: Generation of black money through Benami transactions could be preempted and eliminated by the digitization of land records and their regular updation.
    • Others: Easy disbursal of benefits of welfare schemes implemented by Central and State Governments such as crop insurance, grant of agricultural subsidy etc.

    In view of this, the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) was developed as a common, generic and configurable application for the execution of land registration documents across the country. It has been initiated by the Department of Land Resources, Ministry of Rural Development. As many as 28 States / UTs have adopted the National Generic Document Registration System (NGDRS) for Land Records.
    Key Features:

    • Functions: The application is specifically designed for the use of sub registrars, citizens and apex users from registration departments.
      • NGDRS facilitates states to create state specific instances and configure the software as per requirements.
      • Offering a complete user interface for property and document registration, the application enables citizens to proceed with land buying online.
      • They can find out the circle rate for land, calculate property valuation as per prevailing rates and understand the type of land.
    • Decision Making: Transactions of prohibited properties that are restricted for sale like government land, tribal land, mortgaged land etc., is also available, which ultimately helps users to decide where and what type of land they should buy.
    • Increased productivity: Property buyers need to visit the sub-registrar’s office only once and that too at the time of final signing and registration. This entire workflow has not only proved to be beneficial for citizens but has also increased productivity of the department staff.
    • Others: Other features include citizen’s registration to access the system, online valuation module with stamp duty calculation, e-KYC using UID based authentication etc.
      • The National Generic Document Registration System has now moved a step ahead by introducing data analytics and blockchain technology.

    It is a crucial step towards achieving efficient and equitable land governance, fostering sustainable development, and empowering individuals and communities. Thus, the land modernisation project must be implemented in full letter as well as spirit to reap its ultimate potential.

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Firoj dud
  • 0
Firoj dudBegginer
Asked: June 29, 2024In:
  • 0

Talk about how digitization might help the food processing industry reach its full potential and overcome its obstacles. (Answer in 250 words)

upsc: food processing
  1. Nandani Naina
    Nandani Naina Begginer

    India, being a leading producer of a diverse array of agricultural products, presents an extremely lucrative opportunity to turn the country into a potential hub for food processing. The sector is one of the largest employment-generating industries in India and contributes 8% of the GDP of the natioRead more

    India, being a leading producer of a diverse array of agricultural products, presents an extremely lucrative opportunity to turn the country into a potential hub for food processing. The sector is one of the largest employment-generating industries in India and contributes 8% of the GDP of the nation. It is estimated to be worth $380 billion and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 11% to reach $540 billion by 2025. Further, in FY22 alone India exported agricultural and processed food products worth US$ 25.6 billion, and the export of processed vegetables and fruits increased by 59.1%.
    Several schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PMFME) Scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Processing Industry, etc. have been implemented to enhance the productivity and competitiveness of the sector.
    However, despite its growth, there are several challenges faced by the food processing industry, which hinder it from harnessing its untapped potential, such as:

    • Lack of cutting-edge infrastructure: Many food processing businesses operate in the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sector, which often lacks the resources needed to upgrade their facilities and machinery to the latest technology.
    • Post-harvest loss: Inefficient supply chains due to insufficient cold storage facilities and transportation networks result in significant post-harvest losses.
    • Lack of access to working capital: Traditional banks and financial institutions often have stringent lending criteria, making it difficult for SMEs involved in the food processing sector to access funding. Moreover, the loan approval process can be time-consuming and cumbersome. This results in cash flow issues, which can hinder their ability to grow and invest in new technologies.
    • Competition from international players: The food processing industry in India faces competition from international players, that have access to better technology, more efficient supply chains, and lower costs.
    • Lack of skilled manpower: There is a shortage of skilled workers and a lack of training facilities tailored to the specific needs of the sector posing challenges in adopting advanced processing techniques, implementing food safety practices, and optimizing production processes.
    • Issue in exports: Compliance with international quality standards and regulations is essential to access export markets. The presence of pesticide residues and lack of awareness on policy requirements for global markets impact food processing exports from India.

    In this context, digitization of the sector has the potential in harnessing its untapped potential and resolving the challenges it faces in the following ways:

    • Digitization can help streamline the supply chain and help the sector become more efficient, productive, and competitive by enabling real-time tracking of inventory and delivery, reducing wastage and ensuring timely delivery of goods. For instance,
      • Internet of things (IoT) can help connect various parts of the supply chain, enabling real- time tracking and monitoring of inventory and delivery.
      • Artificial intelligence (AI) can help optimize production processes and improve the quality of products.
      • Blockchain can help ensure transparency and traceability in the supply chain, improving the efficiencies for processors by cutting out middlemen.
    • The data produced by digitization would help smaller processing units in planning capacities and procurements more efficiently.
    • Digitization can enable SMEs’ to determine and analyze their creditworthiness and understand working capital solutions based on their financial history and potential.

    Thus, to achieve the target of $540 billion by 2025, the Indian food processing units need to become more competitive and innovative, and digitization can play a crucial role in this.

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