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Darshan Suresh

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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Introduction: Briefly introduce the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and its role as the global body responsible for combating money laundering and terrorism financing. Mention India’s membership in FATF since 2010 and the importance of adhering to its recommendations. Key ...

upsc: money-laundering
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Key Steps Taken by India: Expansion of AML/CFT Legislation: The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, was expanded in May 2023 to cover a broader range of professionals and entities. This includes chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost accountants, enhancing theRead more

    Model Answer

    Key Steps Taken by India:

    1. Expansion of AML/CFT Legislation:
      • The Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002, was expanded in May 2023 to cover a broader range of professionals and entities. This includes chartered accountants, company secretaries, and cost accountants, enhancing the scope of anti-money laundering (AML) and combating the financing of terrorism (CFT) measures. This change aligns with the FATF’s recommendation for a more inclusive approach to combating illicit financial flows.
    2. Strengthening Customer Due Diligence (CDD):
      • India has made significant improvements in customer due diligence (CDD) processes, ensuring greater transparency in financial transactions. The introduction of Know Your Customer (KYC) and Know Your Business (KYB) norms now includes verification of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) number for entities before engaging in business, ensuring authenticity and accountability.
    3. Enhanced Supervision and Enforcement:
      • The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) have taken steps to increase transparency and mitigate risks. For example, SEBI mandates Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to report structural changes within seven working days. Furthermore, the RBI has imposed restrictions on individuals from FATF non-compliant jurisdictions acquiring significant banking shareholdings.

    Areas for Further Improvement:

    1. Inclusion of DNFBPs in Oversight:
      • While the PMLA targets financial institutions, it does not yet cover Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs), such as real estate agents and dealers in precious metals. Including DNFBPs in regulatory oversight is crucial for enhanced compliance with FATF standards.
    2. Terrorism Financing Monitoring:
      • There is a need to improve monitoring and regulation of crowdfunding platforms and informal value transfer systems, as terrorist groups have increasingly used these methods to fund activities.

    India’s efforts to comply with FATF recommendations reflect a strong commitment to addressing money laundering and terrorism financing but require continuous adaptation to evolving global standards and threats.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Begin by explaining what drug trafficking is and its impact on society and national security. Briefly mention that drug trafficking in India is a significant challenge due to various factors. 2. Main Body A. Challenges in Controlling ...

upsc: border management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Challenges in Controlling Drug Trafficking in India India faces several challenges in controlling drug trafficking due to its geographical location, technological advancements, and porous borders. Proximity to Opium-Producing Regions: India lies between two major global opium-producingRead more

    Model Answer

    Challenges in Controlling Drug Trafficking in India

    India faces several challenges in controlling drug trafficking due to its geographical location, technological advancements, and porous borders.

    1. Proximity to Opium-Producing Regions: India lies between two major global opium-producing regions—the Golden Triangle and the Golden Crescent. These areas meet nearly 90% of global drug demand, making India a major transit route for trafficking activities.
    2. Border Management Issues: India shares porous borders with neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Myanmar, where rebel groups and ineffective governance contribute to illegal trafficking. These challenges make it difficult to monitor and control the flow of drugs across the border regions.
    3. Technological Advancements: The rise of encrypted communication, cryptocurrencies for anonymous transactions, and drones used for smuggling have made it harder for law enforcement to track and disrupt trafficking networks. For instance, 62% of the darknet is involved in illicit drug trade due to its anonymity and minimal risks
    4. Global Drug Networks: International drug cartels operate complex networks, making it difficult for Indian authorities to manage and disrupt drug trafficking activities.

    Multi-Pronged Strategy to Combat Drug Trafficking

    1. Curbing Supply: Strengthening law enforcement and breaking the nexus between local police, smugglers, and politicians is crucial. Measures such as providing protection to whistleblowers, establishing fast-track courts, and enforcing strong penal provisions would help reduce trafficking.
    2. Use of Technology: Upgrading technological resources, such as advanced surveillance systems (e.g., long-range cameras, motion sensors), would improve border monitoring and detection of trafficking attempts.
    3. Improving De-Addiction Infrastructure: Expanding and regulating de-addiction centers, along with offering comprehensive treatment options, can help reduce drug demand and prevent new users.
    4. Regional and Global Cooperation: India should strengthen collaboration with international organizations such as BRICS and the SCO to combat cross-border trafficking.
    5. Raising Awareness: Implementing educational programs that promote healthy lifestyles, coping skills, and resilience could help in preventing drug use.

    By addressing both supply and demand sides of the drug trafficking issue, India can make significant strides toward controlling this pressing problem.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction: Define the Role of ICG Objective: Briefly introduce the Indian Coast Guard and its mission. Content: Mention the ICG’s establishment under the Coast Guard Act, 1978, and its mandate to ensure maritime security, safeguard offshore resources, and ...

upsc: security forces & agencies
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Maritime Patrol and Surveillance One of the primary functions of the ICG is to monitor India’s maritime borders through advanced surveillance technologies. Fact: The ICG utilizes the Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) to detect and deter potentiRead more

    Model Answer

    Maritime Patrol and Surveillance

    One of the primary functions of the ICG is to monitor India’s maritime borders through advanced surveillance technologies.

    • Fact: The ICG utilizes the Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN) and Automatic Identification System (AIS) to detect and deter potential maritime threats.
    • Example: After the 2008 Mumbai attacks, the ICG was assigned coastal security duties, including coordination between central and state agencies.

    Maritime Law Enforcement

    The ICG plays a critical role in enforcing maritime laws, particularly in combating criminal activities like poaching, smuggling, and drug trafficking.

    • Fact: In 2023 alone, the ICG seized contraband worth Rs. 478 crores, contributing significantly to anti-smuggling and narcotics control at sea.
    • Example: In the past, the ICG has seized contraband worth Rs. 15,343 crores, highlighting its effective law enforcement capabilities.

    Cooperation with Regional Partners

    The ICG collaborates with neighboring nations through joint exercises, patrols, and information-sharing to strengthen regional maritime security.

    • Fact: India conducts joint exercises with neighboring countries as part of the “SAGAR” (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and “Neighbourhood First” policies.

    Enhancing Maritime Domain Awareness

    The ICG enhances maritime domain awareness by tracking vessel movements, thus identifying non-traditional security threats such as illegal fishing and piracy.

    • Example: The ICG has successfully prevented illegal fishing by foreign vessels within India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

    Comprehensive Security Matrix

    The ICG ensures a comprehensive security matrix that includes coastal security, anti-terrorism, anti-piracy, and port security.

    • Fact: The ICG supports the Indian Navy in securing India’s maritime borders, contributing to overall national security.

    Conclusion

    The ICG’s strategic operations in maritime surveillance, law enforcement, regional cooperation, and domain awareness are vital to India’s maritime security. The government continues to enhance its capabilities, ensuring the ICG’s role remains a cornerstone in safeguarding India’s maritime interests.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the concept of proxy wars and their implications for internal security. Content: Briefly explain what proxy wars are and how foreign powers engage in such wars by supporting non-state actors within a country. Mention how ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Increased Insurgency One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts. Fact: Experts suggest that MaoiRead more

    Model Answer

    Increased Insurgency

    One of the major impacts of proxy wars on internal security is the rise of insurgent movements. Foreign countries provide aid, training, and weapons to local groups, empowering them to continue their activities and escalate conflicts.

    • Fact: Experts suggest that Maoism or Naxalism in India may be partly fueled by China’s anti-Indian agenda, as external support bolsters insurgent capabilities.

    Communal Tensions

    Proxy wars often exploit existing religious and sectarian divides within a country. External support for such factions can ignite communal violence, leading to social unrest and posing a threat to national cohesion.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI, has been implicated in supporting Sikh militant groups, which advocate for an independent Khalistan, exacerbating internal communal tensions.

    Destabilization of Border Regions

    Proxy wars can further destabilize disputed border regions, such as Jammu & Kashmir, by encouraging armed conflict and exacerbating historical tensions. Foreign countries may use proxy warfare to weaken India’s sovereignty in these sensitive areas.

    • Fact: Pakistan’s strategy of proxy warfare, especially in Kashmir, has involved supporting militants, thereby intensifying violence and tensions in the region.

    Cyber Radicalization

    The internet plays a crucial role in the spread of radical ideologies, contributing to internal security challenges. Proxy forces may exploit cyberspace to recruit vulnerable individuals, promoting extremist actions.

    • Fact: In Jammu & Kashmir, militants use the internet and social media to recruit young people to join insurgent groups, amplifying the threat of radicalization.

    Conclusion

    Proxy wars waged by foreign countries significantly undermine India’s internal security by fostering insurgency, promoting communal tensions, destabilizing border regions, and enabling cyber radicalization. Addressing these challenges requires a coordinated approach at both national and international levels, with a focus on preventing foreign interventions that fuel internal conflicts.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Objective: Introduce the concept of biological warfare and the role of AI in this context. Content: Briefly define biological warfare (BW) as the use of microorganisms, viruses, or toxins to cause harm. State the rapid growth of ...

upsc: internal security
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer AI as a Potential Threat in Biological Warfare 1. Democratization of Skills AI platforms, such as large language models (LLMs), are making advanced biological knowledge accessible, enabling even non-experts to design bioweapons. Fact: A Rand Corporation study highlighted that LLMs couldRead more

    Model Answer

    AI as a Potential Threat in Biological Warfare

    1. Democratization of Skills

    AI platforms, such as large language models (LLMs), are making advanced biological knowledge accessible, enabling even non-experts to design bioweapons.

    • Fact: A Rand Corporation study highlighted that LLMs could assist in planning biological attacks.

    2. AI Bio-Design Tools

    AI-powered design tools can generate novel pathogens or toxins more harmful than natural variants.

    • Fact: Collaborations Pharmaceuticals demonstrated how drug discovery AI could be repurposed to design chemical weapons.

    3. Automation of Processes

    AI can automate complex bioweapons-related tasks, such as synthesizing or manipulating biological materials, making these processes easier for malicious actors.

    • Fact: Automation reduces the expertise barrier for creating biological threats, potentially enabling smaller groups to develop bioweapons.

    AI as a Valuable Tool in Combating Biological Warfare

    1. Bio-Surveillance

    AI systems analyze large datasets in real time, detecting and responding to disease outbreaks quickly.

    • Fact: AI-based platforms have been crucial in tracking global health trends during pandemics like COVID-19.

    2. Medical Countermeasures

    AI accelerates drug discovery and protein design, expediting vaccine and treatment development.

    • Fact: AI tools reduced vaccine development timelines significantly during recent health crises.

    3. Attribution of Bioweapons

    AI can trace genetically engineered organisms to their source, deterring malicious use.

    • Fact: Advanced AI tools identify bio-agents’ origins by analyzing genetic patterns.

    4. Strengthening Biosecurity

    AI evaluates biosecurity measures, identifying vulnerabilities and suggesting improvements.

    • Fact: AI systems predict risks and reinforce defense protocols by analyzing historical and real-time data.

    Conclusion

    AI’s dual role in biological warfare underscores the urgent need for robust biosecurity frameworks and international cooperation. Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention and fostering collaboration among policymakers, technologists, and civil society organizations is crucial to mitigate risks while maximizing AI’s potential as a defense tool.

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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing Here’s a step-by-step guide to crafting a well-structured and impactful answer to the question: 1. Introduction Objective: Set the context by introducing the NIA and its purpose. Content: Mention its role as India’s premier counter-terrorism agency and its mandate. Fact to ...

upsc: security forces & agencies
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The National Investigation Agency (NIA) plays a pivotal role in safeguarding India's security by acting as a premier counter-terrorism body and contributing to national safety through robust investigative and preventive measures. Its key roles and functions are outlined below: 1. CombatRead more

    Model Answer

    The National Investigation Agency (NIA) plays a pivotal role in safeguarding India’s security by acting as a premier counter-terrorism body and contributing to national safety through robust investigative and preventive measures. Its key roles and functions are outlined below:

    1. Combating Terrorism

    The NIA undertakes in-depth investigations into terrorist activities, organizations, and financing. Using scientific methods, it ensures the successful detection and prosecution of cases.
    Example: The NIA investigates offenses under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967, ensuring stringent action against terrorism-related crimes.

    2. Pan-India Mandate

    With jurisdiction across the entire country, the NIA addresses threats to India’s sovereignty and integrity.
    Example: As per the NIA Act, 2008, the agency is authorized to investigate cases irrespective of state boundaries, enabling it to handle transnational crimes effectively.

    3. Assisting State Governments

    The NIA collaborates with state governments and law enforcement agencies to strengthen counter-terrorism efforts.
    Example: Coordination between the NIA and police forces in Punjab, Haryana, and Chandigarh has institutionalized mechanisms to combat organized crime across northern India.

    4. Leveraging Advanced Technology

    The NIA integrates modern technology and scientific tools into its operations to improve investigation quality.
    Example: The Criminal Case Management System, developed by the NIA, enhances efficiency and speeds up the investigative process.

    5. Ensuring Efficient Trials

    The NIA ensures timely and effective legal proceedings through the establishment of special NIA courts.
    Example: Cases investigated by the NIA are prosecuted in dedicated courts under the NIA Act, ensuring focused attention on sensitive cases.

    Conclusion

    The NIA sets high standards for counter-terrorism and national security investigations, contributing significantly to India’s safety and security. Its comprehensive approach, advanced methods, and collaborative efforts make it a cornerstone of India’s security apparatus.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the context of the Delhi Declaration and its adoption during the special meeting of the UN CTC in 2022. 2. Key Significance Areas Universality of Threat: Discuss how the declaration emphasizes that terrorism is a global ...

upsc: organized crime with terrorism
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer The Delhi Declaration, adopted at the 2022 special meeting of the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), holds significant importance in addressing the challenges posed by new and emerging technologies in the context of terrorism. Here are the key aspects of its significance: UniversalitRead more

    Model Answer

    The Delhi Declaration, adopted at the 2022 special meeting of the UN Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC), holds significant importance in addressing the challenges posed by new and emerging technologies in the context of terrorism. Here are the key aspects of its significance:

    Universality of Threat

    The declaration emphasizes that terrorism, in all its forms, poses a grave threat to international peace and security, underscoring that no country or region is immune to this menace. This universal acknowledgment is crucial for fostering a global response to terrorism .

    Counter-Terrorism Opportunities

    It recognizes that technological innovations can provide substantial opportunities to enhance counter-terrorism strategies and tools. This perspective encourages the integration of advanced technologies in the fight against terrorism, rather than viewing them solely as threats .

    Balancing Innovation and Security

    The declaration highlights the need to balance technological innovation with security measures. It stresses the importance of encouraging economic development through technology while simultaneously implementing safeguards to prevent its misuse for terrorist activities .

    Collaboration with the Private Sector

    A significant aspect of the declaration is its call for collaboration between government agencies and private-sector entities. This partnership is essential for addressing evolving trends in terrorism, including financing methods, as effective counter-terrorism efforts require cooperation beyond traditional governmental structures .

    Enhancing Traceability and Transparency

    The declaration aims to improve the traceability and transparency of financial transactions, which is vital for detecting and preventing illicit financial flows related to terrorism. Strengthening oversight and monitoring of financial activities is a key commitment outlined in the declaration .

    The UN Security Council members have recognized the Delhi Declaration as a “solid basis” for countering the misuse of new technologies for terrorist purposes, reflecting a shared determination to tackle this pressing challenge.

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Darshan Suresh
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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Define deepfake technology and its capabilities, emphasizing its dual-use nature for both beneficial and malicious purposes. 2. Security Threats Posed by Deepfake Technology Misinformation and Propaganda: Discuss how deepfakes can be used to manipulate public opinion and spread ...

upsc: role of communication networks
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer Security Threats Posed by Deepfake Technology Misinformation and Propaganda: Deepfakes can be manipulated to spread false information, influencing public opinion and electoral outcomes. For instance, during the 2023 elections in Argentina and Slovakia, deepfake images and audio of presiRead more

    Model Answer

    Security Threats Posed by Deepfake Technology

    1. Misinformation and Propaganda: Deepfakes can be manipulated to spread false information, influencing public opinion and electoral outcomes. For instance, during the 2023 elections in Argentina and Slovakia, deepfake images and audio of presidential candidates circulated to sway voters .
    2. Cybersecurity Risks: Deepfakes can facilitate voice-based phishing attacks, bypass facial recognition systems, and enable financial fraud. A notable case involved a finance worker in Hong Kong who was deceived into transferring $25 million to fraudsters using deepfake technology.
    3. Non-Consensual Pornography: A significant portion of deepfakes—up to 96%—is related to non-consensual pornography, including revenge porn. For example, a deepfake video of an Indian actress went viral in 2023, raising serious privacy concerns .
    4. Identity Theft: Deepfake technology can create false identities, allowing attackers to forge documents or mimic a victim’s voice, which can lead to unauthorized account creation and other fraudulent activities .

    Measures to Address These Threats

    1. Deepfake Detection Technology: Investing in AI-powered tools that can effectively detect and flag deepfakes is crucial for mitigating their impact.
    2. Media Literacy Initiatives: Increasing public awareness about identifying deepfakes is essential. Educational programs should focus on critical thinking skills and encourage cross-referencing information.
    3. Regulatory Frameworks: Developing legal frameworks to address the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes, including issues of consent and copyright infringement, is necessary.
    4. Industry Standards and Transparency: Promoting ethical guidelines for deepfake use and implementing transparent labeling, such as watermarks on deepfake content, can help consumers identify manipulated media .
    5. International Cooperation: Collaborative efforts among countries to combat the spread of malicious deepfakes, including sharing best practices and developing common detection standards, are vital.

    A comprehensive approach that combines technological solutions, effective regulation, and public awareness is essential to mitigate the risks associated with deepfake technology and maintain trust in digital media.

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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the context of insurgency in North-East India and the significance of the decline in violence. 2. Current Situation Present relevant statistics to illustrate the reduction in violence, such as the 80% decrease in insurgency incidents since ...

upsc: role of external state & non-state actors
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Civil Society Initiatives Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers' Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, proRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Civil Society Initiatives

    Civil society organizations have played a crucial role in fostering peace and reconciliation in the region. Groups such as the North East Network and the Naga Mothers’ Association have been instrumental in bridging gaps between communities and the state, promoting dialogue and development initiatives that contribute to stability .

    2. Effective Counter-Insurgency Operations

    The Indian security forces have implemented intelligence-driven operations that have successfully disrupted insurgent networks. Enhanced coordination between central and state forces, along with the use of advanced technology, has significantly improved operational effectiveness. A notable example is the cross-border surgical strike in Myanmar against the NSCN-Khaplang faction in 2015, which showcased the proactive measures taken to combat insurgency.

    3. Fatigue and Fading Leadership

    Prolonged conflicts with minimal gains have led to fatigue within some insurgent groups. The aging leadership and internal dissent have further weakened their resolve. The deaths of prominent leaders, such as Isak Chishi Swu and S.S. Khaplang, have notably diminished the strength of groups like NSCN-IM and NSCN-Khaplang, contributing to a decline in insurgency activities .

    4. India’s Foreign Policy

    A significant shift in India’s foreign policy has fostered better cooperation with neighboring countries in countering insurgency. For instance, Bangladesh’s assistance in apprehending top leaders of insurgent organizations, such as the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, has been pivotal in reducing cross-border insurgent activities .

    Overall, the decline in insurgency-related violence in North-East India reflects a comprehensive approach by the government, combining military action, community engagement, and diplomatic efforts. This positive trend requires ongoing commitment and collaboration at all levels to ensure lasting peace.

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Darshan SureshBegginer
Asked: January 21, 2025In:
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Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Briefly introduce the issue of rising drone sightings along the India-Pakistan border and the implications for national security. 2. Current Situation Present relevant statistics on drone sightings to highlight the urgency of the situation. Mention the increase in drone ...

upsc: border management
  1. Team
    Best Answer
    Team Supreme

    Model Answer 1. Investment in Counter-Drone Technology India should prioritize the development and deployment of advanced counter-drone technologies capable of detecting, tracking, and neutralizing unauthorized drones. For example, Russia has successfully utilized electronic warfare capabilities agaRead more

    Model Answer

    1. Investment in Counter-Drone Technology

    India should prioritize the development and deployment of advanced counter-drone technologies capable of detecting, tracking, and neutralizing unauthorized drones. For example, Russia has successfully utilized electronic warfare capabilities against small drones in Ukraine, demonstrating effective countermeasures that India could emulate .

    2. Capacity Building

    Enhancing the capabilities of security forces and law enforcement agencies through specialized training programs is crucial. These programs should focus on drone detection, identification, and response strategies. Additionally, the establishment of dedicated drone battalions for border security could significantly improve operational readiness .

    3. Inter-Agency Coordination

    Institutionalizing inter-agency coordination is essential for a comprehensive understanding of hostile drone activities. This coordination should mirror successful frameworks used in counter-terrorism and narcotics control, facilitating timely sharing of actionable intelligence among various security agencies .

    4. Database Management

    Maintaining a detailed database of micro and small drones, both imported and domestically produced, will enhance monitoring capabilities. This database should track drones that are susceptible to modification by criminal networks, thereby improving the ability of security agencies to deter potential threats .

    5. Public-Private Partnerships

    Fostering collaboration between government agencies, private companies, and research institutions can accelerate the development of indigenous drone technologies. Such partnerships can pool resources and expertise, strengthening national capabilities against drone threats .

    6. International Collaboration

    Engaging with international partners, particularly those with advanced counter-drone technologies like Israel and the United States, can provide India with valuable insights and expertise. This collaboration can play a significant role in developing effective countermeasures against drone threats .

    As drone technology becomes increasingly accessible, it is imperative for India to implement these strategies to safeguard its borders effectively.

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