The suspension of the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922 after the Chauri Chaura incident triggered widespread frustration among Indian youth and radicals. Many felt betrayed by Gandhi’s sudden withdrawal, as the movement had raised hopes of achieving Swaraj. This disillusionment with non-violence and moderate politics encouraged them to explore revolutionary methods.

Earlier British actions, like the Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh massacre, had already created resentment, while the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms failed to meet nationalist aspirations. Harsh colonial repression during and after the Non-Cooperation Movement deepened hostility. Economic hardships following World War I—unemployment, famines, and rising prices—also fueled anger against British rule.

International events such as the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Irish struggle for independence inspired Indian revolutionaries with ideas of armed struggle and socialism. The collapse of the Khilafat Movement weakened Hindu-Muslim unity and pushed some disillusioned groups towards militancy.

These conditions led to the emergence of organizations like the Hindustan Republican Association and later the HSRA, led by figures such as Chandrashekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh, marking a renewed phase of revolutionary activities in the 1920s.