India has made significant strides in science, technology, and space exploration, marking its presence on the global stage. In space exploration, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has achieved notable milestones. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, made India the first country to reach Mars orbit on its maiden attempt. ISRO’s Chandrayaan missions have also advanced lunar exploration, with Chandrayaan-2 including an orbiter, lander, and rover to study the moon.

In technology, India has become a global hub for IT services, with cities like Bangalore known as the “Silicon Valley of India.” The country’s IT industry contributes significantly to the global economy, with companies like Infosys, TCS, and Wipro leading in software development and IT consulting.

Scientific research in India has also seen impressive achievements. The country has developed its own nuclear power capabilities and made advancements in renewable energy, particularly in solar power. India’s pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest in the world, playing a crucial role in generic drug manufacturing and biotechnological advancements.

India’s focus on innovation and education continues to drive progress, exemplified by initiatives like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), which produce world-class engineers and researchers contributing to global scientific and technological advancements.

The reasons why women were discouraged from pursuing education and actively participating in societal events and processes during medieval periods are complex and multifaceted. Despite the presence of powerful female figures and notable women in history, several factors contributed to this societal dynamic:

1. **Patriarchal Social Structure**: Medieval societies were predominantly patriarchal, where men held primary power and women were often relegated to subordinate roles. This structure influenced social norms and expectations, limiting women’s opportunities and access to education.

2. **Religious and Cultural Norms**: Religious and cultural beliefs often reinforced gender roles that confined women to domestic spheres. Interpretations of religious texts and cultural traditions sometimes perpetuated the idea that women’s primary responsibilities were home-making and child-rearing.

3. **Economic Factors**: In agrarian and feudal economies, the division of labor often designated women to domestic and agricultural tasks, which were undervalued compared to men’s roles in public and economic spheres. This economic structure did not prioritize or necessitate women’s education and public participation.

4. **Legal Restrictions**: Legal systems in many medieval societies imposed restrictions on women’s rights and freedoms. Laws often limited women’s property rights, inheritance, and legal autonomy, further discouraging their active participation in society.

5. **Lack of Institutional Support**: Educational and social institutions were predominantly male-dominated. Access to formal education was often restricted to men, and institutions that could support women’s education and public involvement were scarce or nonexistent.

6. **Social Stability and Control**: Keeping women in traditional roles was sometimes seen as a way to maintain social order and stability. Women who pursued education or deviated from traditional roles might be perceived as challenging the social hierarchy and norms.

7. **Influence of Foreign Invaders**: In some regions, foreign invasions and the establishment of new ruling powers brought with them different social norms and practices that further restricted women’s roles and freedoms.

8. **Historical Inconsistencies**: While there were notable exceptions of educated and influential women, these were often not the norm but rather anomalies in a largely restrictive societal framework. These women typically had to overcome significant barriers to achieve their status.

Understanding the historical context and the interplay of these factors helps explain why, despite the existence of powerful female figures and learned women in ancient times, women in the medieval period faced significant discouragement from education and public participation.