Natural farming and organic farming are both sustainable agricultural practices, but they differ in their methods and philosophies.

Natural farming, pioneered by Masanobu Fukuoka, emphasizes minimal human intervention. It avoids plowing, tilling, and the use of synthetic fertilizers or pesticides. Instead, it relies on natural ecological processes to maintain soil fertility and control pests. The focus is on creating a self-sustaining ecosystem where crops grow in harmony with nature. Techniques like mulching, using cover crops, and integrating animals into the farming system are common. Natural farming aims to work with nature rather than trying to control it.

Organic farming, while also avoiding synthetic chemicals, is more structured and regulated. It follows specific standards set by certification bodies, ensuring that no synthetic pesticides, herbicides, or genetically modified organisms are used. Organic farming practices include crop rotation, green manures, composting, and biological pest control. It often involves more active management compared to natural farming, with an emphasis on maintaining organic matter and nutrient levels in the soil through approved organic inputs.

In essence, natural farming is about minimal interference and letting nature take its course, while organic farming uses proactive techniques within a framework of organic standards to maintain soil health and productivity. Both aim to produce healthy food while preserving the environment, but they approach it in different ways.

Soil formation is a complex process influenced by various factors. It begins with the weathering of rocks into smaller particles. Over time, these particles mix with organic material from decomposed plants and animals. The combination of these elements, along with microorganisms, creates soil.

Several factors affect soil development. Climate plays a crucial role; for instance, in wet regions, soil tends to be more acidic due to leaching, while in arid areas, it might be more alkaline. The type of parent rock also matters, as different rocks break down into different minerals. Topography influences drainage and erosion; soils on steep slopes might be thinner due to erosion, while valley soils can be deeper and more fertile. Biological activity, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, contributes organic matter and aids in nutrient cycling. Finally, time allows these processes to develop mature soils, with distinct layers and properties.

The composition of soil is vital for agriculture and ecosystem health. Nutrient-rich soils support healthy crop growth, impacting food production. Soil structure affects water retention and root penetration, crucial for plant health. In ecosystems, soils support diverse plant life, which in turn supports animal populations. Healthy soils also help filter water, store carbon, and reduce erosion, contributing to overall environmental stability.