Coral reefs in India are experiencing significant bleaching due to a combination of environmental and anthropogenic factors. Some of the key contributors to this phenomenon include:

1. Increased Sea Surface Temperatures: One of the primary drivers of coral bleaching is the rise in sea surface temperatures. Indian coastal waters have seen significant warming due to climate change. Corals are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, and even a slight increase can cause them to expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues, leading to bleaching.

2. El Niño Events: These periodic climate events cause significant warming of ocean waters in various parts of the world, including the Indian Ocean. El Niño can exacerbate local temperature increases, leading to widespread bleaching events.

3. Pollution and Runoff: Coastal pollution from agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and industrial effluents introduces harmful substances into the ocean. Nutrient-rich runoff can lead to algal blooms that block sunlight and further stress corals, while toxic pollutants can directly damage coral tissues.

4. Overfishing and Destructive Fishing Practices: The depletion of fish populations due to overfishing disrupts the ecological balance of coral reefs. Additionally, practices like blast fishing and cyanide fishing cause direct physical damage to coral structures.

5. Sedimentation from Coastal Development: Increased sedimentation from construction, deforestation, and other land-use changes reduces water quality and light penetration, essential for coral health. Sediments can smother corals, making it difficult for them to feed and grow.

6. Ocean Acidification: The absorption of excess atmospheric CO₂ by the ocean leads to lower pH levels, which affect the ability of corals to produce and maintain their calcium carbonate skeletons. This weakens the corals, making them more susceptible to bleaching and disease.

7. Invasive Species: The introduction of non-native species can disrupt local ecosystems and compete with corals for resources, adding another layer of stress to already vulnerable reefs.

8. Tourism and Recreational Activities: Unsustainable tourism practices, such as anchor dropping, trampling by divers, and coastal development for tourist infrastructure, can physically damage reefs and increase pollution levels.

Efforts to address coral bleaching in India involve a multi-faceted approach, including:

Mitigating Climate Change: Reducing global greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming and subsequent sea temperature rise.
Improving Coastal Management: Implementing better land-use practices to reduce sedimentation and pollution runoff.
Establishing Marine Protected Areas: Creating and enforcing protected zones to safeguard coral reefs from destructive human activities.
Promoting Sustainable Fishing: Regulating fishing practices to prevent overfishing and protect reef ecosystems.
Raising Awareness: Educating local communities and tourists about the importance of coral reefs and how to minimize their impact on these ecosystems.

By addressing these factors, it is possible to reduce the incidence of coral bleaching and promote the resilience and recovery of coral reefs in India.

The amendment procedure under the Indian Constitution has been the subject of various criticisms over the years. Here are some of the key criticisms:

1. Rigidity vs. Flexibility
Rigidity: Some critics argue that the amendment procedure is too rigid, making it difficult to adapt to changing circumstances. The requirement for a supermajority in both houses of Parliament and ratification by half of the state legislatures for certain amendments can be challenging to achieve.
Flexibility: Others argue that the procedure is too flexible, allowing for frequent and sometimes whimsical changes to the Constitution. This could potentially undermine the stability and sanctity of the constitutional framework.

 2. Parliamentary Supremacy
Excessive Power to Parliament: Critics argue that the Parliament has excessive power to amend the Constitution, which could lead to misuse. There are concerns that a ruling party with a strong majority could amend the Constitution to serve its interests rather than the public good.
Lack of Direct Public Involvement: Unlike some other countries, there is no provision for a public referendum on constitutional amendments in India. This means that significant changes can be made without direct input from the electorate.

3.Judicial Review
Scope of Judicial Review: There have been debates over the scope of judicial review concerning constitutional amendments. The Kesavananda Bharati case established the “basic structure doctrine,” which holds that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered. Critics argue that this gives the judiciary excessive power over constitutional amendments, potentially leading to judicial overreach.
Uncertainty and Ambiguity: The “basic structure doctrine” can be seen as vague and subject to interpretation, leading to uncertainty about which parts of the Constitution can be amended and which cannot.

4. Federal Concerns
State Involvement: The requirement for state ratification for certain amendments is seen as insufficient by some critics. They argue that states should have a greater say in the amendment process, especially for amendments that affect federal structures and state powers.
Centralization of Power: There is a concern that the amendment procedure allows for centralization of power, with the central government having the upper hand in initiating and passing amendments.

5. Political Manipulation
Partisan Amendments: The amendment process can be used for partisan purposes, where changes are made to benefit the ruling party or to undermine opposition parties. This can lead to constitutional amendments that are politically motivated rather than aimed at genuine national interest.
Frequent Amendments: Critics argue that the frequency of amendments can undermine the authority of the Constitution and lead to legal and administrative instability.

6. Complexity and Accessibility
Complex Procedures: The procedures involved in amending the Constitution are complex and not easily understood by the general public. This can lead to a lack of transparency and public engagement in the constitutional amendment process.
Accessibility Issues: The procedural requirements can be seen as inaccessible, making it difficult for meaningful and needed changes to be made efficiently and effectively.

Conclusion
The amendment procedure under the Indian Constitution is designed to balance the need for stability with the need for adaptability. However, it has faced criticism on various grounds, including its perceived rigidity, the potential for parliamentary and judicial overreach, federal concerns, the risk of political manipulation, and the complexity of the process. These criticisms highlight the ongoing debate about how best to structure the process for amending the Constitution to ensure it serves the long-term interests of the nation.