Roadmap for Answer Writing 1. Introduction Contextualization: Brief overview of the Mughal Empire (16th to 18th century). Thesis Statement: Highlight the significance of technological advancements and their impact on Indian society. 2. Key Technological Advancements A. Architecture and Engineering Facts: Iconic structures: Taj Mahal, Red Fort. Fusion of ...
Model Answer Disillusionment with the Permanent Settlement The Permanent Settlement introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 aimed to stabilize revenue collection by assigning zamindars to collect fixed revenue. However, the system faced significant challenges: Loss of income for the Company: Fixed revRead more
Model Answer
Disillusionment with the Permanent Settlement
The Permanent Settlement introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 aimed to stabilize revenue collection by assigning zamindars to collect fixed revenue. However, the system faced significant challenges:
- Loss of income for the Company: Fixed revenue rates led to financial strain as expenses rose, notably from 1798 to 1806 when military expenses diverted funds meant for trade goods【Fact 1】.
- Higher default by zamindars: The fixed tax burden led to widespread defaults, with 68% of zamindari land in Bengal sold between 1794 and 1819 due to the inability to meet tax demands【Fact 2】.
- No improvement in productivity: Zamindars, unmotivated by the fixed rates, did not invest in land improvements, failing to meet the British expectation of increased productivity.
- Peasant oppression: The system led to heavy rent burdens on peasants, who faced eviction and exploitation, resulting in widespread discontent.
Lessons Learned and Shift to Alternative Systems
The failures of the Permanent Settlement highlighted the need for more flexible and responsive land revenue models, which led to the development of alternative systems:
- Ryotwari System: Introduced in South India by Thomas Munro and Captain Alexander Read, this system established a direct relationship between the state and cultivators (ryots). It involved a field-by-field assessment, where revenue officials determined tax rates based on soil quality and land area. Unlike the Permanent Settlement, this system allowed for periodic revisions to adjust revenue demands.
- Mahalwari System: Developed by Holt Mackenzie and later modified by Robert Merttins Bird, this system assessed revenue collectively for a village or group of villages. Like the Ryotwari system, it allowed for periodic revisions to accommodate changing economic conditions.
These lessons from the Permanent Settlement led to more adaptable systems that aimed to reduce the oppressive impact on peasants while maintaining a steady revenue stream for the British.
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Model Answer Introduction The Mughal Empire, flourishing from the early 16th to the mid-18th century in the Indian subcontinent, marked a period of remarkable technological advancements that profoundly shaped Indian society. Key Technological Advancements 1. Architecture and Engineering The MughalsRead more
Model Answer
Introduction
The Mughal Empire, flourishing from the early 16th to the mid-18th century in the Indian subcontinent, marked a period of remarkable technological advancements that profoundly shaped Indian society.
Key Technological Advancements
1. Architecture and Engineering
The Mughals are celebrated for their architectural masterpieces, such as the Taj Mahal and the Red Fort, which blend Persian and Indian design elements.
2. Water Management and Irrigation
Innovations in water management, including the construction of canals and stepwells, were prominent.
3. Modern Postal System
Akbar introduced the efficient postal system known as Dak Chowki, featuring a network of relay stations.
4. Military Technology
The Mughals introduced advanced weaponry, including matchlock firearms and artillery.
5. Textiles
The production of intricate fabrics like brocades, velvet, and muslins flourished during this era.
Conclusion
The Mughal Empire’s technological innovations extended beyond politics and architecture, enriching India’s cultural heritage. Their advancements in various domains significantly influenced social life, promoting cultural fusion, economic growth, and military strength.
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