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What are the major sources of stress of a working woman in India?
Working women in India face a range of stressors that can impact their mental and physical well-being. Some of the major sources of stress for working women in India include: Work-Life Balance: Women often struggle to balance their professional and personal responsibilities, leading to feelings of bRead more
Working women in India face a range of stressors that can impact their mental and physical well-being. Some of the major sources of stress for working women in India include:
- Work-Life Balance: Women often struggle to balance their professional and personal responsibilities, leading to feelings of burnout and stress.
- Gender-based discrimination: Women may face discrimination in the workplace, including unequal pay, limited career advancement opportunities, and gender bias in promotions.
- Family responsibilities: Many working women are expected to take on household and family responsibilities, including childcare, cooking, and managing the household, which can be stressful and time-consuming.
- Social expectations: Women may feel pressure to conform to traditional gender roles and expectations, which can lead to stress and anxiety.
- Long working hours: Long working hours, including overtime, can lead to physical and mental exhaustion.
- Limited support systems: Women may not have access to adequate support systems, such as childcare, healthcare, or emotional support networks, which can exacerbate stress.
- Pay inequity: Women may earn lower salaries than their male counterparts for the same work, which can lead to financial stress and anxiety.
- Sexual harassment: Women may face sexual harassment in the workplace, which can be a significant source of stress and anxiety.
- Cultural and societal pressures: Women may face cultural and societal pressures to conform to traditional gender norms, which can lead to feelings of stress and anxiety.
- Lack of representation: Women may feel underrepresented in leadership positions or decision-making roles, which can lead to feelings of disempowerment and frustration.
- Career choices limited by gender stereotypes: Women may face limited career choices due to gender stereotypes, which can lead to feelings of frustration and disappointment.
See lessAnalyze the key events and factors that led to the establishment of the Soviet Union in 1922.
The Soviet Union was established on December 30, 1922, after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War. The key events and factors that led to the establishment of the Soviet Union can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here are the major events and factors tRead more
The Soviet Union was established on December 30, 1922, after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent Civil War. The key events and factors that led to the establishment of the Soviet Union can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Here are the major events and factors that contributed to its formation:
- Russian Revolution of 1905: The Russian Revolution of 1905, also known as the First Russian Revolution, saw widespread protests and uprisings against the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II. Although the revolution was ultimately suppressed, it laid the groundwork for future revolutionary movements.
- World War I and its aftermath: Russia’s involvement in World War I (1914-1918) led to significant economic hardship, food shortages, and widespread discontent among the population. The war effort also exposed Russia’s economic backwardness and industrialization lag.
- February Revolution (1917): The February Revolution in 1917 saw the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, marking the end of the Romanov dynasty. The provisional government that took power was ineffective, and a power vacuum emerged.
- October Revolution (1917): The October Revolution in 1917 saw the Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seize power and establish the world’s first socialist state. The Bolsheviks had been planning a revolution for years, and the October Revolution was a culmination of their efforts.
- Russian Civil War (1918-1922): The Bolsheviks faced opposition from anti-communist forces, including the White Army, during the Russian Civil War. The war lasted from 1918 to 1922 and resulted in significant bloodshed and destruction.
- Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918): The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed in March 1918, marked Russia’s withdrawal from World War I and led to significant territorial losses.
- Bolshevik consolidation: After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks consolidated their power by establishing a one-party state, suppressing opposition, and implementing radical economic reforms.
- Nationality policies: The Bolsheviks implemented policies aimed at promoting national self-determination for minority groups within Russia’s borders, which contributed to the growth of nationalist movements in Ukraine, Belarus, and other regions.
- Industrialization drive: The Soviet government invested heavily in industrialization efforts to modernize Russia’s economy, which contributed to rapid growth and development.
- International relations: The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with other countries, including Germany, China, and Eastern European states, which helped consolidate its position as a major world power.
See lessWhat are the major fields in which wage gap still exists, especially in Indian context?
In India, the gender wage gap persists across various industries and sectors, with women typically earning less than men. According to a report by the World Bank, in 2020, the gender pay gap in India was around 34%, which means that for every rupee earned by a man, a woman earned approximately 66 paRead more
In India, the gender wage gap persists across various industries and sectors, with women typically earning less than men. According to a report by the World Bank, in 2020, the gender pay gap in India was around 34%, which means that for every rupee earned by a man, a woman earned approximately 66 paisa. Here are some of the major fields where the wage gap still exists in India:
- Technology and IT: Despite being a growth sector, the tech industry in India has a significant gender pay gap. Women in tech roles earn around 15-20% less than their male counterparts.
- Finance and Banking: Women working in finance and banking roles earn around 20-25% less than men, mainly due to limited career progression opportunities.
- Healthcare: Nurses and doctors, who are predominantly women, face a significant pay gap compared to their male colleagues. According to a study by the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, female doctors earn around 20-30% less than their male counterparts.
- Education: Teachers, who are mostly women, earn around 15-20% less than their male colleagues, even after adjusting for qualifications and experience.
- Manufacturing and Production: Women working in manufacturing and production roles earn around 10-15% less than men, mainly due to limited job opportunities and career advancement prospects.
- Construction and Infrastructure: Women in construction and infrastructure roles face significant barriers to entry and career advancement, resulting in a wage gap of around 15-20%.
- Media and Entertainment: Women working in media and entertainment earn around 20-30% less than men, mainly due to limited job opportunities and glass ceilings.
- Retail and Hospitality: Women in retail and hospitality roles often earn around 10-15% less than men, mainly due to limited job security and career advancement prospects.
- Agriculture: Women farmers and agricultural workers often earn around 20-25% less than their male counterparts, mainly due to limited access to resources and market opportunities.
- Government Services: Women working in government services, such as administration and bureaucracy, face a pay gap of around 10-15%, mainly due to limited job opportunities and career advancement prospects.
See lessPressure groups are seen to play a constructive, positive role in deepening democracy and enhancing our liberties, but they have also been criticized on many counts. Discuss.
done 3 Pressure groups are seen to play a constructive, positive role in deepening democracy and enhancing our liberties, but they have also been criticized on many counts. Discuss. A pressure group is an interest group organised to promote the interests of its members and influence the policies ofRead more
done 3 Pressure groups are seen to play a constructive, positive role in deepening democracy and enhancing our liberties, but they have also been criticized on many counts. Discuss. A pressure group is an interest group organised to promote the interests of its members and influence the policies of the government without seeking to exercise the formal powers of the government. They use instruments like lobbying, campaigns, polls etc. They perform a key role in deepening democracy and increasing the choices for the citizens:
However, pressures groups have also been criticized on account of their interference with functioning of the state and in process undermining the democracy:
Despite their shortcomings, pressure groups form an indispensable component of modern democracies. They provide a means by which ordinary citizens can participate in the decision- making process, as well as maintaining a check on government activity. Similarly, governments can be better informed of the electorate’s sensitivities to policies, because of the pressures articulated by these groups.
See less2) How do the works of contemporary Indigenous artists in Australia incorporate traditional practices and narratives to challenge and redefine postcolonial identity within the global art market?
Contemporary Indigenous Australian artists are using their work to challenge and redefine postcolonial identity within the global art market by incorporating traditional practices and narratives in innovative and powerful ways. Here are some ways they're doing this: Reclaiming and reinterpreting traRead more
Contemporary Indigenous Australian artists are using their work to challenge and redefine postcolonial identity within the global art market by incorporating traditional practices and narratives in innovative and powerful ways. Here are some ways they’re doing this:
- Reclaiming and reinterpreting traditional practices: Many Indigenous artists are drawing on their ancestral traditions, such as bark painting, printmaking, and weaving, to create new works that update these techniques for a contemporary audience. This helps to revitalize and preserve cultural knowledge and skills.
- Exploring historical trauma and its impact: Artists like Vernon Ah Kee, Julie Gough, and Destiny Deacon use their work to confront the trauma inflicted by colonialism, forced removals, and cultural suppression. This acknowledges the ongoing effects of historical events on Indigenous Australians and challenges the dominant narrative of a “forgotten” or “overlooked” history.
- Subverting dominant narratives: Artists like Daniel Boyd, Tony Albert, and Emily Kngwarreye challenge the dominant Western perspective by incorporating Indigenous perspectives and experiences into their work. This disrupts the notion of a singular, Eurocentric narrative and promotes a more nuanced understanding of Australian history.
- Engaging with contemporary issues: Indigenous artists are addressing pressing issues like land rights, environmental degradation, and social justice through their work. For example, artists like Kutjarra Napanangka Burton and Nancy Naumann use their art to raise awareness about climate change and its impact on Indigenous communities.
- Collaborations and cross-cultural exchange: Many Indigenous artists are collaborating with non-Indigenous artists, curators, and institutions to create new works that bridge cultural divides. This fosters greater understanding and recognition of Indigenous perspectives within the art market.
- Digital media and online platforms: The rise of digital media has provided new opportunities for Indigenous artists to showcase their work globally. Platforms like social media, online galleries, and virtual exhibitions have helped increase visibility and accessibility for Indigenous art.
- Decolonizing the art market: Some artists are challenging the traditional art market structures by creating alternative spaces for exhibition, sales, and distribution. For example, the annual Sydney Contemporary art fair features an Indigenous program, providing a platform for Indigenous artists to connect with collectors and curators.
- Reclaiming language and storytelling: Artists like Pamela Lofts (Wathaurung) and Glen Morrison (Kamilaroi) are using their work to revitalize Indigenous languages and storytelling practices. This helps to preserve cultural heritage and promote intergenerational knowledge transfer.
- Situating Indigenous art within global contexts: Some artists are contextualizing their work within broader global themes, such as decolonization, globalization, or post-colonialism. This helps to position Indigenous Australian art within a larger framework of cultural resistance and social justice movements.
- Celebrating diversity within Indigeneity: The diversity of Indigenous experiences in Australia is reflected in the work of artists like Regina Pilawuk Wilson (Iwaidja), who represents the complexities of being an urban Indigenous woman from North East Arnhem Land.
See lessNepotism
Independent institutions like the judiciary, anti-corruption bodies, and civil society organizations can play a crucial role in eradicating nepotism in various ways: Judiciary: Incorporate anti-nepotism provisions: Judges can incorporate anti-nepotism provisions in court orders, judgments, and guideRead more
Independent institutions like the judiciary, anti-corruption bodies, and civil society organizations can play a crucial role in eradicating nepotism in various ways:
Judiciary:
Anti-Corruption Bodies:
Civil Society Organizations:
Common strategies:
- Transparency: Ensure transparency in decision-making processes, government actions, and contracts to prevent secrecy and favoritism.
- Merit-based selection: Implement merit-based selection processes for appointments, promotions, and contracts to ensure fairness and objectivity.
- Strengthen institutions: Strengthen independent institutions like the judiciary, anti-corruption bodies, and civil society organizations to enable them to effectively address nepotism.
- Accountability: Ensure accountability by holding officials accountable for their actions and decisions, and punishing those who engage in nepotistic practices.
- Education and awareness: Educate citizens about the harms of nepotism and the importance of integrity in public service through public awareness campaigns.
See lessWhat are the various types of ethical dilemmas faced by a civil servant in India? Highlight the key elements of strategies used to resolve these dilemmas.
An ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing the other. Ethical dilemma arises because ethical standards are not codified, and disagreements about proper behaviour often occur. For civRead more
An ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing the other. Ethical dilemma arises because ethical standards are not codified, and disagreements about proper behaviour often occur. For civil servants, ethical dilemmas tend to arise from three critical relationships Le. civil servants and political office holders; civil servants and citizens; and intra-civil service (between ministries, departments and agencies of the state). These dilemmas could broadly fall into following categories:
A strategy to deal with ethical dilemmas must include following key elements:
See lessExplaining the concept of Emotional Intelligence, highlight its role in administration.
Emotional Intelligence (El) refers to the capability of a person to manage and control his or her emotions and possess the ability to perceive and manage the emotions of others as well. It includes following levels: Perceiving emotions: The first step in understanding emotions is to perceive them acRead more
Emotional Intelligence (El) refers to the capability of a person to manage and control his or her emotions and possess the ability to perceive and manage the emotions of others as well. It includes following levels:
Role of emotional intelligence in administration and governance
Public servants are the trustees of public interest and are entrusted to make and implement policies. Therefore, they need to be emotionally intelligent, because without El it would be difficult to be empathetic to different sections of the society, to be firm in their approach, and to be good change agents.
See lessWhat do you understand by regionalism? Discuss the different forms that regionalism has taken in India in the post-independence period.
Regionalism can be defined as "a phenomenon in which people's political loyalties become focused upon a region, often in preference to the country or state of which the region is a part". In India, regionalism is rooted in geographical, historical, socio-economic and politico- administrative bases.Read more
Regionalism can be defined as “a phenomenon in which people’s political loyalties become focused upon a region, often in preference to the country or state of which the region is a part”. In India, regionalism is rooted in geographical, historical, socio-economic and politico- administrative bases. India’s diversity of languages, culture, tribal identity, caste and religion and the geographical concentration of these markers of identity in particular regions is often fuelled by a sense of regional deprivation. Resultantly, regionalism has manifested itself in various forms in the post independence period:
Regionalism is the desire to concretise regional identities. if a federal polity provides enough space for the expression of the same, regionalist tendencies can be channelled to spur development both in the region and the nation. Hence, regionalism must not be viewed only as a threat to national identity. In fact, efforts must be made to reconcile competing claims of regionalism and national integration.
See lessWhat are the challenges faced by the elderly in a young demography like India? Mention the key policy provisions focussing on this segment of the population.
According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the 'demographic dividend' phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderlRead more
According to the Census 2011, India has nearly 8% population having age 60 years or above. Economic Survey 2019 highlights that while India as a whole will enjoy the ‘demographic dividend’ phase, some states will start transitioning to a to an ageing society by the 2030s, and the share of the elderly in India will continue to rise steadily to nearly double to 16% by 2041.
Challenges faced by the elderly population in India:
Taking into account the demographic explosion among the elderly, the changing economy and social milieu, advancement in medical research, science and technology and high levels of destitution among the elderly rural poor, a National Policy on Senior citizens was adopted in 2011. Other key policy provisions in this context are:
The government should create an environment that provides senior citizens with equal opportunities, protects their rights and enables their full participation in society so that this potential ‘elderly burden’ converts into a ‘longevity dividend’. This will require investments in health care as well as a plan for increasing the retirement age.
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