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Aliya Sharma

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Mains Answer Writing Latest Questions

Aditi Pathak
  • 1
Aditi PathakBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 1

If you have a 5-liter jug and a 3-liter jug, how can you measure exactly 4 liters of water?

  1. Aliya Sharma
    Aliya Sharma Begginer

    To measure exactly 4 liters of water using a 5-liter jug and a 3-liter jug, you can follow these steps: Start with the 5-liter jug empty and the 3-liter jug full. Pour the 3-liter jug into the 5-liter jug, leaving 2 liters in the 3-liter jug. Empty the 5-liter jug. Pour the remaining 2 liters from tRead more

    To measure exactly 4 liters of water using a 5-liter jug and a 3-liter jug, you can follow these steps:

    1. Start with the 5-liter jug empty and the 3-liter jug full.
    2. Pour the 3-liter jug into the 5-liter jug, leaving 2 liters in the 3-liter jug.
    3. Empty the 5-liter jug.
    4. Pour the remaining 2 liters from the 3-liter jug into the 5-liter jug.
    5. Refill the 3-liter jug.
    6. Pour the 3 liters from the 3-liter jug into the 5-liter jug, which now contains 4 liters.
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Sindhu GV
  • 1
Sindhu GVBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 1

empowerment
  1. Wafiya Nadeem
    Wafiya Nadeem Begginer

    Mental health impacts women uniquely due to hormonal fluctuation, societal expectations and gender-specific stressors. Women are more likely to experience mood disorder,such as depression, anxiety,partly due to hormonal changes throughout their menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause. Additionally,Read more

    Mental health impacts women uniquely due to hormonal fluctuation, societal expectations and gender-specific stressors. Women are more likely to experience mood disorder,such as depression, anxiety,partly due to hormonal changes throughout their menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause. Additionally,gender role and societal pressure can contribute to higher stress level, leading to mental health challenges. Women are also more prone to experiencing trauma, including domestic violence and sexual harassment,which can significantly affect their mental well-being.

    Support system available for women include specialised mental health services,such as therapist and counselor who focus on gender-specific issues. Women’s health clinic often provide integrated care that addresses both physical and mental health support groups and online communities after shared experiences and copying strategies. Additionally, organisation like the National Women’s Health Network and various advocacy groups work to raise awareness and provide resources tailored to Women’s mental health needs. Access to these support system can help women manage their mental health more effectively and receive the care that acknowledges their unique experience.

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sharfu nisha
  • 1
sharfu nishaBegginer
Asked: July 26, 2024In:
  • 1

What are the key factors to consider when selecting a programming language for a specific project?

question
  1. DD M
    DD M Begginer

    When choosing a programming language for a project, you want to make sure it meets the project's criteria. Firstly, consider the project requirements and goals, such as performance needs and the nature of the task e.g., web development, data analysis. For instance, Python is popular for data analysiRead more

    When choosing a programming language for a project, you want to make sure it meets the project’s criteria. Firstly, consider the project requirements and goals, such as performance needs and the nature of the task e.g., web development, data analysis.

    For instance, Python is popular for data analysis, machine learning, and web development due to its simplicity and extensive libraries. JavaScript is essential for web development, especially for client-side scripting and creating interactive web pages. C++ and C# are preferred for system programming, game development, and applications requiring high performance. Ruby is known for its ease of use and is often chosen for web applications, particularly with the Ruby on Rails framework. Go (or Golang) is excellent for building scalable server-side applications due to its efficiency and concurrency support. R is highly specialized for statistical analysis and data visualization.

    Scalability is crucial when your project needs to accommodate a growing user base and increasing complexity. Make sure the language works well with the platform or environment you’re targeting. Careful consideration of these aspects is crucial for selecting the best programming language to achieve project success.

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Hareem Khan
  • 1
Hareem KhanBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

The UK has never strictly adhered to the idea of Separation of Powers, but India has mostly followed it. The US, on the other hand, follows it in spirit. Remark.

upsc: comparison of constitutions
  1. Aliya Sharma
    Aliya Sharma Begginer

    The doctrine of Separation of Powers emphasizes the mutual exclusiveness of the three organs of government, viz., legislature, executive and judiciary. The main underlying idea is that there should not be concentration of all the functions/powers in one organ. Separation of power in US: The AmericanRead more

    The doctrine of Separation of Powers emphasizes the mutual exclusiveness of the three organs of government, viz., legislature, executive and judiciary. The main underlying idea is that there should not be concentration of all the functions/powers in one organ.

    Separation of power in US:

    • The American Constitution follows strict separation of power. Its Art. I vests legislative power in the Congress; Art. II vests executive power in the President and Art. III vests judicial power in the Supreme Court.
    • The Presidential form of government envisioned under this is based on the theory of separation between the executive and the legislature.
    • On the basis of the Doctrine of Separation of Powers, the Supreme Court was not given the power to decide political questions. Also, overriding power of judicial review was not given to the Supreme Court until a landmark case of Marbury v. Madison.
    • The US Constitution however incorporates some exceptions to the doctrine of separation with a view to introduce the system of checks and balances. For instance, a bill passed by the Congress may be vetoed by the President and, to this extent the President may be said to be exercising a legislative function.
    • Therefore, in theory, the US insists on the absolute rigid separation of powers, but in practice, this principle is combined with the principle of checks and balances.

    Separation of power in Britain:

    • In Britain, there is a Parliamentary form of government, wherein the king is the nominal head, and the actual legislative functions are performed by the Parliament. Although the king is the chief executive, he is also an integral part of the legislature, and all his ministers are also members of specific houses of the Parliament.
    • Britain has the concept of separation of powers, but it is not in a formal sense like in the United States. The three branches are not officially separated, but there is still a large overlap as in India.
    • Therefore, the U.K. has a non-rigid separation of power which implies that the doctrine of Separation of Power is implemented in a broad sense as a result of which the functions of all three organs overlap with one another.

    Separation of Power in India:

    • The idea of Separation of power forms the basic structure of the Indian Constitution. However, a closer look at the provisions of the Indian Constitution, indicate that there is no strict separation of power in India and there are large exceptions:
      • There is personnel and functional overlapping between the executive and the legislature.
      • Even the power to amend the Constitution by Parliament is subject to the scrutiny of the Court. The Court can declare any amendment void if it changes the basic structure of the constitution.
      • The President of India who is the supreme executive authority in India exercises law making power in the form of ordinance making power under Article-123.
      • The executive branch also influences the operation of the judiciary by appointing Chief Justices and other judges.

    Thus, India has adopted the doctrine of separation of powers not in an absolute rigid sense but with the system of checks and balances. Also the doctrine of separation power cannot be practically applied in the strict sense in any contemporary democracy.

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Nandani Naina
  • 1
Nandani NainaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 1

The administration of justice involves more than just convicting the guilty and clearing the innocent; it also involves making sure that trials are fair and proceed quickly. of light of this, talk about the causes of the rise of undertrials ...

upsc: judiciary
  1. Aliya Sharma
    Aliya Sharma Begginer

    Undertrial prisoners are those people who are facing trial in any court and during such trials are kept in judicial custody in prison. As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, undertrials in prisons increased to 69 % in 2019 from 67 % in 2016. The high proportion of undertrials is indicatRead more

    Undertrial prisoners are those people who are facing trial in any court and during such trials are kept in judicial custody in prison. As per National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report, undertrials in prisons increased to 69 % in 2019 from 67 % in 2016. The high proportion of undertrials is indicative of the violation of the right to personal liberty under Article 21 with the process of justice delivery itself becoming a punishment.

    Factors behind increasing number of Undertrials

    • Lack of judicial infrastructure: The disproportionately small number of courts in a country with a large population together with their inefficient functioning lead to delayed trials. The Judgepopulation ratio stood at 21.03 judges per million people in 2020 in India.
    • Sub-standard investigation: Poor quality of investigation due to lack of adequate professionally trained staff in the police often leads to long trials.
    • Unnecessary arrests: Law Commission in its 268th report remarked that over 60 percent of arrests are unnecessary accounting for 42.3 percent of jail expenditure primarily due to unnecessary arrest and over policing.
    • Inconsistency in the bail system: Right to bail is denied even in genuine cases. Even in cases where the prisoner was charged with bailable offence, they are found to languish in prisons due to exorbitantly high bail amount.
    • Poverty and Illiteracy: Majority of undertrials belong to the marginalized communities and are poor and illiterate (28.6%) or dropped out of school before Class 10th (41%). So, a lot of them are not aware of their rights.
    • Poor legal aid and representation: Nearly 80% of India’s population qualifies, but only 15 million have been provided legal services and advice under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.

    Measures taken to ameliorate issues faced by undertrials:

    • Fast Track Courts (FTCs) were established with an aim to reduce the burden of cases from high • courts and district courts and also to provide speedy justice.
    • e- Courts to streamline judicial processes, reduce pendency, and help the litigants.
    • Fast and Secure Transmission of Electronic Records (FASTER) scheme by which the court would instantly, directly, securely and electronically transmit bail and other orders to the jail authorities, district courts and the High Court.
    • The Supreme Court of India under Section 436A of the CrPC passed a judgment directing states to release undertrials who have already served more than half the maximum sentence for • the crimes for which they are imprisoned.
    • The Modernization of Prisons scheme was launched with the objective of improving the condition of prisons, prisoners and prison personnel.
    • National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) had launched a web application to facilitate the • undertrial prisoners for providing them with free legal services.
    • e- Prisons project that aims to introduce efficiency in prison management through digitization.
    • Model Prison Manual provides detailed information about the legal services available to prison inmates and also free legal services available to them.

    To secure the rights of undertrials, recommendations of India’s Law Commissions need to be followed including separation of law and order and investigation wings of the police department; reducing prison overcrowding by liberalization of bail conditions. Furthermore, recommendations of the Malimath committee need to be given special consideration.

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Mehak Mehara
  • 2
Mehak MeharaBegginer
Asked: July 19, 2024In:
  • 2

In India, the pre-monsoon season is marked by numerous thunderstorms and lightning incidents. Describe the formation of thunderstorms in this setting and talk about the effects of pre-monsoonal rainfall in different parts of India.

upsc: climate
  1. Aliya Sharma
    Aliya Sharma Begginer

    A common feature of the weather during the pre-monsoon season, i.e., March, April and May, over the Indian region is the outburst of severe local convective storms which often turn into thunderstorm and lightning. The intense convection activity due to strong heating of land mass over Chhotanagpur pRead more

    A common feature of the weather during the pre-monsoon season, i.e., March, April and May, over the Indian region is the outburst of severe local convective storms which often turn into thunderstorm and lightning. The intense convection activity due to strong heating of land mass over Chhotanagpur plateau and movements towards southeast and mixing with warm air mass triggers the Nor Westers to develop which is locally named as Kal-Baisakhi (Bengal region) and Bardoli Cheerha (Assam). Apart from this, Mango Showers or Blossom Showers in Kerala and coastal Karnataka regions are some famous local storms of pre-monsoon season in India. Thunderstorms are characterized by towering cloud masses (mostly Cumulonimbus) with sudden electrical discharges manifested by a lightning and thunder enjoined with vigorous circulations and thus has the potential to spawn severe weather.

    Formation of thunderstorms evolves in three stages

    1.Cumulus Stage

    • The Sun heats the Earth’s surface during the day.
    • Warm plume of rising air starts.
    • Condensational heating causes air to remain warmer than the surrounding environment.
    • If the air is moist, then the warm air condenses into a cumulus cloud.

    2. Mature Stage

    • When the cumulus cloud becomes very large, the water in it becomes large and heavy.
    • Raindrops start to fall through the cloud and meanwhile, cool dry air starts to enter the cloud.
    • Because cool air is heavier than warm air, it starts to descend in the cloud (known as a downdraft). The downdraft pulls the heavy water downward, making rain.
    • This cloud has become a cumulonimbus cloud because it has an updraft, a downdraft, and rain.
    • Thunder and lightning start to occur, as well as heavy rain.

    3.Dissipating Stage

    • After some time, the thunderstorm begins to dissipate.
    • This occurs when the downdrafts in the cloud begin to dominate the updraft.
    • Since warm moist air can no longer rise, cloud droplets can no longer form.
    • The storm dies out with light rain as the cloud disappears from bottom to top.

    Impact of pre-monsoonal rainfall

    • Southern India
      • Mango Shower: A common phenomenon in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes.
      • Blossom Shower: With this shower, coffee flowers blossom in Kerala and nearby areas.
    • Eastern India: Nor Westers are dreaded evening thunderstorms in Bengal and Assam. However, these showers are useful for tea, jute and rice cultivation.
    • Northern India: The pre-monsoon rainfall is vital for soil moisture required to raise paddy nurseries and subsequently to sow the crops.
    • Western India: In Sahyadri range, Pre-monsoon showers are important for the growth of insects, which help in maintaining the fauna in the region.

    Pre-Monsoon storms mark the beginning of agricultural activities as it helps in ploughing and getting the field ready for the season. However, these storms are also associated with hailstorm and high speed winds of short duration, which are harmful for crops like mango and other standing crops.

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Irfan Ahamad
  • 1
Irfan AhamadBegginer
Asked: July 17, 2024In: ,
  • 1

The Madden-Julian oscillation: What is it? What distinguishes it from El-Nino? Talk about how it affects the Indian Monsoon.

upsc: climatologyupsc: world geography
  1. Aliya Sharma
    Aliya Sharma Begginer

    Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an eastward moving pulse of cloud & rainfall in the tropics that recurs every 30 to 60 days. It is a traversing phenomenon and is most prominent over the Indian and Pacific Oceans. MJO consists of two phases or parts as follows Enhanced rainfall or convective pRead more

    Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an eastward moving pulse of cloud & rainfall in the tropics that recurs every 30 to 60 days. It is a traversing phenomenon and is most prominent over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

    MJO consists of two phases or parts as follows

    • Enhanced rainfall or convective part: At this phase, winds at the surface coverage pushed up throughout the atmosphere.
      • After reaching the top of the atmosphere, the wind reverses.
      • Such rising air motion in the atmosphere tends to increase condensation and rainfall.
    • Suppressed rainfall phase: Winds converge at the top of the atmosphere, forcing air to sink and, later, to diverge at the surface.
      • As air sinks from high altitudes, it warms and dries, which suppresses rainfall.
      • This phase brings more sunshine and dryness in the suppressed convective phase.

    Difference between El-Nino and MJO

    Although both El Nino and MJO are ocean-atmosphere interactions that occur in the equatorial region they differ on account of their

    • Nature: While El Nino i.e. the unusual warming of sea-surface Pacific waters off the South American coast, is a stationary system, the MJO, on the other hand, is a moving system of wind, cloud and pressure that brings rain as it circles around the equator.
    • Frequency: While El-Nino is associated with persistent features that last several seasons over the Pacific Ocean basin, MJO events occur within a season (i.e. weather varies on a week-to-week basis).
    • Impact: Although the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), El-Nino and MJO are all oceanic and atmospheric phenomena, which affect weather on a large scale. IOD only pertains to the Indian Ocean, but the other two affect weather on a global scale-up to the mid-latitudes.

    Impact of MJO on Indian Monsoon

    As it moves, strong MJO activity often splits the planet into two zones: one in which the MJO is in active phase and brings rainfall, and the other in which it suppresses rainfall.

    • When it is over the Indian Ocean during the Monsoon season, it brings good rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
    • On the other hand, when it witnesses a longer cycle and stays over the Pacific Ocean, MJO brings dry air and bad news for the Indian Monsoon.

    MJO being a lesser-known phenomenon, it becomes important for the Indian Meteorological department to study more and to track it timely to predict its impact on Indian Monsoon.

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