India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types. These have contributed in the development of various types of soils in India.

On the basis of genesis, colour, composition and location , the soils of India have been classified into:

1. Alluvial Soil- They are depositional soils, transported and deposited by rivers and streams. It varies in nature from sandy loam to clay. They are generally  rich in potash and poor in phosphorus. In the upper and middle ganga plain, two different types of alluvial soils have been devdeloped, viz. khadar and bhangar. Alluvial soils are intensively cultivated.

Distribution- These are widespread in the northern plains and river valley. These soil cover 40% of the total area of he country. Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan, they extend into the plains of Gujarat. In the peninsular region, they are found in deltas of east and in the river valleys.

2)Black Soil- These soils are also known as regur soil or ‘Black cotton soil’. The black soils are generally clayey, deep and impermeable. They swell and become sticky when wet and shrink when dried. These are self ploughing. These are rich in lime, iron,magnesia andaluina. They also contain potash. But they lack in phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter.

Distribution-It covers most of the Deccan plateau which includes parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Tamil Nadu.

3)Red and Yellow Soil- The soil develops a reddish colour due to wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It looks yellow when it occurs in hydrated form. The fine grained yellow and red soils are normally fertile, whereascoarse grained soils found in dry upland areas are poor in fertility.

Distribution-Develops on crystalline igneous rocks in areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern part of the deccan plateau It is also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh and in southern parts of the middle Ganga plain.

4)Laterite Soil- These are the result of intense leaching due to tropical rains. These soils are poor in organic matter , nitrogen, phosphate and calcium, whiled iron oxide and potash are in excess. Laterite soils are not suitable for cultivation.

Distribution- Laterite soilsare commonly found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.

5)Arid Soil- It range from red to brown in colour.They are generally sandy in structure and saline in nature. They lack moisture. Nitrogen is insufficient and the phosphate content is normal.

Distribution- These are characteristically developed in Rajasthan

6) Saline Soil- They are also known as Usara soils. It contains large proportion of sodium, potassium and magnesium and thus they are infertile . They lack in nitrogen and calcium.

Distribution- They are more widespread in western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coast and in Sunderban areas of West Bengal.

7) Peaty Soil- They are found in areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity. They are rich in humus and organic content to the soil. These soils are normally heavy and black in colour. At many places they area alkaline also.

Distribution- It occurs widely in the northern part of Bihar, southern part of Uttarakhand and coastal areas of West Bengal, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.

8)Forest Soil- These soils vary in structure. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. They are acidic and have low humus content.

It is evident that soils, their texture, quality and nature are vital for the germination and growth of the plant and vegetation including crops. Soils are living systems. Like other organism they too develop and decay.

The president has a veto power over the bills passed by the parliament, that is, he can withhold his assent to the bills.

The veto power enjoyed by the President can be classified into following  types:

1. Absolute Veto- It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill passed by the Parliament. The bill then ends and does not becomes an act. Usually,this veto is exercised in the following two cases:

a)With respect to private members bills

b)With respect to government bills when the cabinet resigns and th new cabinet advises the President not to give his assent to such bills

2. Suspensive Veto- The President exercises the veto when he returns the bill for reconsideration of the parliament. However, if the bill is passed again by the parliament with or without amendments and again presented to the President , it is obligatory for the President to give his assent to the bill

3. Pocket Veto- In this case, the President neither ratifies nor returns the bill, but simply keeps the bill pending for an indefinite period. The President can exercise this veto power as the constitution does not prescribe any time limit within which he has to take the decision with respect to a bill presented to him for his assent.

4. Veto over state legislation- The President has veto power with respect to state legislation also.Under Article 201 President has three alternatives when governer reserves a bill for President-:

a) He may give his assent to bill

b)He may withhold his assent to the bill

c)He may direct the governor to return the bill for the reconsideration of the state legislature

The object of conferring this veto power is imposed to prevent hasty and ill considered legislation by the Parliament and to prevent a legislation which may be unconstitutional therefore this veto power holds utmost importance in safeguarding the constitution.

Article 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the constitution deals with provisions regarding the compostion, appointment and removal of members of UPSC.

Functions of UPSC-:

1. it conducts examinations for appointments to all india services, Central sevices and public services.
2.  It assists the states in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.
3. It serves all or any of the needs of a state on the request of the state governer with the approval of president.
4. It is consulted in all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the government of India.
5. It is consulted in all the matters related to personal management.

Constitutional Provisions for Independence and Impartiality-:

1. The chairman or a member of the UPSC can be removed from office by the president only in the manner and the grounds mentioned  the constitution.
2. The condition of service cannot be varied to disadvantage after appointment.
3. The entire expenses including the salaries  are charged on the consolidated fund of India.
4. The chairman or  member of UPSC is not eligible for reappointment to that office.
5. The chairman of UPSC is not eligible for further employment in governmen of India.

The constitution visualises the UPSC to be watchdog of merit sysytem in India and serves as an important constitutional body for government of India and therefore constitution protects the indepedence and integrity of this body.

Article 315 to 323 in Part XIV of the constitution deals with provisions regarding the compostion, appointment and removal of members of UPSC.

Functions of UPSC-:

1. it conducts examinations for appointments to all india services, Central sevices and public services.
2.  It assists the states in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services.
3. It serves all or any of the needs of a state on the request of the state governer with the approval of president.
4. It is consulted in all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the government of India.
5. It is consulted in all the matters related to personal management.

Constitutional Provisions for Independence and Impartiality-:

1. The chairman or a member of the UPSC can be removed from office by the president only in the manner and the grounds mentioned  the constitution.
2. The condition of service cannot be varied to disadvantage after appointment.
3. The entire expenses including the salaries  are charged on the consolidated fund of India.
4. The chairman or  member of UPSC is not eligible for reappointment to that office.
5. The chairman of UPSC is not eligible for further employment in governmen of India.

The constitution visualises the UPSC to be watchdog of merit sysytem in India and serves as an important constitutional body for government of India and therefore constitution protects the indepedence and integrity of this body.