Cooperative federalism: cooperative federalism refer to the form of government in which center government and state government work simultaneously on different challenges to resolve the problem and achieve common goal , In this form of government both central and regional government cooperate each other to form policies maintain legislation and build fiscal cooperation.

Challenges of cooperative form of Government:-

• Strong power of central government – Disparity between state and center overpassed by the policies and legislation of the center to the state ,state may feel marginalized and address center as overdominance which imbalance relationship and effective governance .
• Political differences and partisanship – Differences in political thinking and multiparty  system may cause major imbalance which effect fiscal policies and different  type  of grant provided by the central government and ultimate effect on state development.
• Unequal distribution of fiscal and economic power–  State has more responsibility  to create and  maintain welfare policies and provide  benefit to beneficiaries , Centre have major control over revenue generation and taxation, GST (goods and services tax) is major step but it lead to that some state feel depriving of economical autonomy.

CSS(central sponsored scheme ) – central sponsored scheme are allocated by the central government on different areas like Education ,Environment , Health etc. But it not give freedom to the state to manage the grant on their need and due to which central sponsored scheme is unsuccessful being success .

Strategy to enhance cooperative federalism :-

• Depoliticizing center state relation – Central state relation must be not followed by the political differences and constitutional administrative body must be free from any type of political pressure and ideology.
• Promoting fiscal decentralization– financial decentralization is an important effect to balance  the government center should loose some guideline over CSS(center sponsored scheme) and give freedom to state to formalize scheme and policies .
• Reconsidering inter state council– Inter state council must be revised and readdressed to maintain balance and counter different new challenges and build some different council which emerges in new era.
•        Judicial Restraint and Clearer Role Definition– The judiciary must maintain a balance between protecting fundamental rights and ensuring that its interventions do not undermine federal principles. Clearer definitions in the Constitution regarding the division of powers can prevent conflicts.

Conclusion :-  By addressing these challenges and adopting the strategies outlined, India can move toward a more balanced and cooperative federal structure, ensuring that both the Center and states work collaboratively toward national development.